Cloning and exploitation of a functional R-gene from Solanum chacoense

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a resistance gene and functional homologs or fragments thereof isolated from  S. chacoense, S. berthaultii, S. sucrense  or  S. tarijense . Moreover, the invention relates to the use of said resistance gene, for example the use of said resistance gene in a method to increase or confer at least partial resistance in a plant to an oomycete infection. 
     The invention provides an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding one of the amino acid sequences of FIG.  4  or a functional fragment or a functional homolog thereof such as those presented in FIG.  13.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 13/496,845 having an international filing date of 20 Sep. 2010 (now allowed), which is the national phase of PCT application PCT/NL2010/050612 having an international filing date of 20 Sep. 2010, which claims benefit of European patent application No. 09170769.5 filed 18 Sep. 2009. The contents of the above patent applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING ON ASCII TEXT FILE

The content of the following submission on ASCII text file is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readable form (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name: 313632013301_SeqList.txt, date recorded: Jan. 31, 2017 size: 900,735 bytes).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a resistance gene isolated from S. chacoense. Moreover, the invention relates to the use of said resistance gene, for example to clone functional homologues, and the use of said resistance gene(s) in a method to increase or confer at least partial resistance to an oomycete infection in a plant. More in specific the invention provides a resistance gene that is capable of increasing or conferring at least partial resistance to Phytophthora sp. (for example Phytophthora infestans) through genetic engineering techniques or through marker assisted breeding techniques.

BACKGROUND

Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most serious diseases in worldwide potato production. It was responsible for the Irish potato famine of the mid-19th century, resulting in the death of one million people. Although a lot of effort has been invested in controlling the pathogen, chemical control of P. infestans is still the main crop management strategy, but environmental safety is becoming more important and the pathogen is sometimes able to evolve resistance to the fungicide treatment. Therefore, introduction of resistance into modern potato varieties is the most durable strategy to control the disease.

In the last century, Solanum demissum, which is a hexaploid Mexican species, was extensively used in breeding for late-blight resistance in potato. Initially, a series of 11 R genes derived from S. demissum was described. Of these, R1, R2, R3a/b, R6, and R7 have been localized on the genetic maps of potato (Solanum tuberosum). However, these R genes confer pathovar-specific resistance and those that were introgressed into potato varieties, mainly R1, R2, R3, R4, and R10, were quickly overcome by the pathogen. Hence, new sources for resistance are required, and currently, several other wild Solanum species have been reported as being potential sources of resistance, many of which have been genetically characterized (Table 6).

Recent efforts to identify late blight resistance have focused on major R genes conferring broad-spectrum resistance derived from diverse wild Solanum species. Beside S. demissum, other wild Solanum species such as S. acaule, S. chacoense, S. berthaultii, S. brevidens, S. bulbocastanum, S. microdontum, S. sparsipilum, S. spegazzinii, S., stoloniferum, S. sucrense, S. toralapanum, S. vernei and S. verrucosum have been reported as new sources for resistance to late blight (reviewed by (Jansky, 2000)).

S. chacoense, is a self-incompatible diploid species from South America, and is thought to be a source for late-blight resistance. A recent taxonomic rearrangement of the section Petota revealed its relationship with species like S. berthaultii and S. tarijense. Several accessions of S. chacoense (CHC543-1), S. berthaultii (BER481-3, BER94-2031) and S. tarijense (TAR852-5) have been tested in detached leaf assays (DLA) with multiple isolates (Table 5) and in repeated field trials with isolate IPO-C. In all tests CHC543-5, BER94-2031, BER481-3 and TAR852-2 remained unaffected, underscoring the relevance of the expressed R genes for resistance breeding.

Molecular cloning of the genes responsible for resistance and subsequent introduction of the genes into potato varieties is a third method that circumvents many of the problems encountered in the previous two strategies.

To date, multiple late blight R-genes have been cloned, like the allelic genes RB and Rpi-blb1 on chromosome 8 and Rpi-blb2 on chromosome 6 (Table 6). Recently, also an Rpi-blb3 resistance gene has been isolated (WO 2008/091153). Although the initial results obtained with RB and Rpi-blb1, -2 and -3 are promising, there is a further need for additional R-genes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention now relates to a method for providing at least partial resistance or increasing resistance in a plant against an oomycete infection comprising providing a plant or a part thereof with a nucleic acid encoding the amino acid sequence Rpi-chc1 of FIG. 4A-K or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof, preferably wherein said plant is a plant from the Solanaceae family, more preferably Solanum tuberosum. Preferably said oomycete comprises Phytophthora, more preferably Phytophthora infestans. In a specific embodiment, the above mentioned functional homologue is selected from the group of amino acid sequences consisting of 493-7_G12, 543-5_C2, 849-1_M8_M18_M20, 487-1_I4_I6_I8, 94-2031_L4_L7_18, 561-2_K4_K14_K22, 324-2_J1_J3_J8, 852-5_E14_E23, 852-5_E28, 493-9_H5_H30, 493-7_G14_G22, 561-2_K6_K30_K31 and 493-7_G21. In a further specific embodiment the nucleic acid sequence as defined above comprises a nucleic acid sequence as depicted in FIG. 7A-B or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequences 493-7_G12, 543-5_C2, 849-1_M8_M18_M20, 487-1_I4_I6_I8, 94-2031_L4_L7_18, 561-2_K4_K14_K22, 324-2_J1_J3_J8, 852-5_E14_E23, 852-5_E28, 493-9_H5_H30, 493-7_G14_G22, 561-2_K6_K30_K31 and 493-7_G21 as depicted in FIG. 13A-T.

The invention further comprises a method for breeding an oomycete, preferably a Phytopthora resistant tetraploid plant, comprising

a. increasing the ploidy level of the gametes of a diploid plant that already contains a nucleic acid sequence as defined above;

b. using said gametes in a cross with gametes of a tetraploid plant; and

c. selecting the offspring of said cross for the presence of said nucleic acid sequence.

Preferably in such a method the diploid plant of step a) is plant from the genus S. chocaense, S. berthaultii, S. sucrense, or S. tarijense.

The invention also relates to a method for selecting a plant or plant material or progeny thereof for its susceptibility or resistance to an oomycete infection, said method comprising the steps of testing at least part of said plant or plant material or progeny thereof for the presence or absence of a nucleic acid as defined above. Specifically in such a method the testing involves detecting the presence of one or more of the markers of Table 2 and 8 and it is performed with a primer or a probe that specifically binds to said nucleic acid.

Hence, the invention also relates to a marker for marker assisted selection in plant breeding to obtain resistance against oomycetes, wherein said marker is chosen from the markers presented in Table 2 and 8.

In another embodiment, the invention also relates to an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence Rpi-chc1 of FIG. 4A-K or a functional fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid encoding the amino acid sequence of 493-7_G12, 543-5_C2, 849-1_M8_M18_M20, 487-1_I4_I6_I8, 94-2031_L4_L7_18, 561-2_K4_K14_K22, 324-2_J1_J3_J8, 852-5_E14_E23, 852-5_E28, 493-9_H5_H30, 493-7_G14_G22, 561-2_K6_K30_K31 and 493-7_G21 or a functional fragment thereof. Preferably said fragment comprises at least the LRR domain of the amino acid sequence. It is further a preferred embodiment where the isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence as depicted in FIG. 7A-B or in FIG. 13A-T.

The invention further relates to a transgenic or tetraploid cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention.

Also part of the invention is a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention. Preferably said vector further comprises the promoter and/or terminator to which the gene is naturally associated, more preferably a truncated promoter having less than 1000 nucleotides upstream of the gene sequence.

The invention also is related to a transgenic or tetraploid host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention or a vector according to the invention, preferably wherein such a host cell is an Agrobacterium cell or a plant cell.

The invention also relates to a transgenic or tetraploid plant cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention or a vector according to the invention, preferably wherein said plant cell is a cell from a Solanaceae, more preferably Solanum tuberosum, more preferably a tetraploid Solanum tuberosum. In a further embodiment the invention comprises a transgenic or tetraploid plant comprising such a cell and also a part derived from such a plant, preferably wherein said part is a tuber.

Also comprised in the current invention is a protein encoded by an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid according to the invention or a functional fragment thereof, preferably wherein said protein has the amino acid sequence of Rpi-chc1 as depicted in FIG. 4A-K. The invention also relates to an antibody that (specifically) binds to said protein.

LEGENDS TO THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A-B. Genetic and physical maps of the Rpi-chc1 (A) and Rpi-ber (B) loci (7650 and 06-882 populations respectively). Indicated are the relative positions of markers, the number of recombinants identified between markers, overlapping BAC clones that span the R-loci, and the relative positions of RGAs in the CHC543-5 and RH89-039-16 physical maps.

FIG. 2A-G. Chr10 BAC sequence annotation.

Two tiling paths consisting of 3 and 4 overlapping BACs from RH89-039-16 (RH106G038, RH137D014, RH009D021 and RH122B15, RH77O23, RH04G12, RH199E15) and two overlapping BACs from CHC543-5 were sequenced and annotated. Positions of markers and BAC end sequences from overlapping BACs are indicated by arrow heads. Positions of sequence contigs are indicated by horizontal arrows. Positions of genes, as predicted by the FGENESH algorithm, are indicated by colored boxes. Protein sequence homology, as found by BlastP search against the NR database is indicated by vertical arrows. RGAs are numbered by underlined figures and their gene structure are numbered correspondingly

A: RH106G03, B: RH137D14, C: RH97D21, D: RH122B15, E: RH77023, F: CHC B1 (B07-1-05), G: CHC B2 (2-D06_3-D21).

FIG. 3. Transient complementation of Phytophthora susceptibility in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Two days after agro-infiltration the leaves were challenged by the inoculation with a zoospore suspension of P. infestans isolate 90128 (avirulent on CHC543-5) in a detached leaf assay. Typical disease phenotypes developed 6 days after inoculation of control plants that had been agro-infiltrated with pBINplus without an insert. Full resistance was observed in control plants agroinfiltrated with pBINplus:Rpi-blb1. Agroinfiltration of pBINplus:CHCB2-3, one of three RGAs from the Rpi-chc1 mapping interval, also conferred full resistance to infection by P. infestans, while pBINplus:CHCB2-1 and pBINplus:CHCB2-2 infiltrated leaves remained susceptible.

FIG. 4A-K. Amino acid sequence alignment of RGAs from S. chacoense (CHC B1-1, CHC B1-2, CHC B2-1, CHC B2-2, and CHC B2-3=Rpi-chc1) and from related sequences deriving from S. tuberosum accession RH89-039-16 (77O23c5794, 77O23c5795, 77O23c671, 77O23c7063, 77O23c7064, 122B15C88, 122B15C247, 137D14c131, and 137D14c132).

The protein with unknown function, ABF81421, is encoded by a gene from Populus trichocarpa.

FIG. 5. Rpi-chc1 protein domain organization.

The N-terminal CC-domain comprises amino acids 1-231. The amino acids depicted in shading are predicted to fold into a coiled structure using the “COIL” algorithm with window size 14. The central domain NB-ARC domain comprises amino acids 232-557. Domains in shading show similarity to the previously described Kinase 1a, Kinase 2, kinase 3a, GLPL, RNBS-D and MHD domains, respectively. The C-terminal LRR-domain consists of 29 imperfect leucine rich repeats. Conserved hydrophobic amino acids (A, V, L, and F) herein are marked by shading. The consensus is shown at the bottom.

FIG. 6. Map positions of Rpi-chc1 related sequences and late blight resistance genes on chromosome 10.

The UHD maps of the SH and RH chromosomes are shown on left (van Os et al., 2006). 06-882 and 7677, as produced in this study, are shown in the middle. The positions of Rpi-ber (Rauscher et al., 2006), Rpi-ber1 and Rpi-ber2 (Park et al., 2008) are shown on the right. Red lines indicate the location of Rpi-chc1 related sequences. Green lines indicate the location of late blight resistance genes.

FIG. 7A-B. Nucleotide sequence of clone CHC B2-3 (7907 bp) containing the Rpi-chc1 coding- and regulatory sequences. The Rpi-chc1 coding region of 4550 bp is highlighted by shading (3358-7266). The upstream 3357 nucleotides (1-3357) and the downstream 641 nucleotides (7267-7907) harbour the regulatory sequences.

FIG. 8. Functional complementation of Phytophthora infestans (Pi) susceptibility in transgenic Desiree plants. Cv Desiree transformed with Rpi-chc1 candidate genes (RGC-1, -2 and -3) were challenged with Pi isolate 90128 in a detached leaf assay. Pictures were taken 6 days post inoculation. Only in transgenics containing RGC-3 resistance was observed.

FIG. 9A-C. Screening of PEX set using co-infiltration. PEX clones were infiltrated in the leafs of N. benthamiana alone or co-infiltrated with Rpi-chc1. One week after infiltration pictures were taken. Leaf A, PEX1=RD31, PEX2=RD36. Leaf B PEX1=RD12-1, PEX2=RD12-2. Leaf C PEX1=INF1, PEX2=pGR106. In each leaf the bottom left spot was infiltrated with R3a+avr3a. The bottom right spots were infiltrated with Rpi-chc1. Leaf A shows no identification of a responding effector. B shows necrosis for the interaction of Rpi-chc1 and RD12. C shows autonecrosis for INF1.

FIG. 10. Regulatory elements driving Rpi-chc1 expression.

The Rpi-chc1 ORF was cloned in between one of four promoter/terminator sequences; its own 3 kb promotor and 0.5 kb terminator (p-chc1-long), 0.9 kb of its own promotor and 0.5 kb terminator (p-chc1-short), the double 35S promoter in pMDC32 or the Rpi-blb3 promotor/terminator combination (Lokossou et al., 2009). Co-agro-infiltration with PEX-RD12 was performed at five serial dilutions (OD600=2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1), as indicated. R3a mixed with Avr3a was used as positive control (+) and Rpi-chc1 was used as a negative control (−). Pictures were taken 6 days post infiltration.

FIG. 11A-B. Selection of Rpi-chc1 specific primer pairs, used for germplasm screening.

A. Selection of Rpi-chc1 specific primer pairs. Primer combinations a: 581+582, b: 585+587, c: 585+589, d: 586+587, e: 586+589, f: 588+589 refer to Table 8. Templates used were 1: chc543-5 (donor plant for Rpi-chc1), 2: chc544-5 (susceptible parent of mapping population, 3: RH89-39-16 (susceptible plant, donor of Rpi-chc1 homologous sequences, 4: CHC BAC-1 (BAC clone containing three inactive RGA's), 5: CHC BAC-2 (BAC clone containing Rpi-chc1), 6: MQ.

B. 225 genotypes from taxonomic groups 10-12 till 10-17, listed in Table 7 were screened with primer combination D. White arrowheads indicate the fragments of the expected size in 6 genotypes.

FIG. 12. Fylogenetic analysis of Rpi-chc1 homologs.

green: Sequences isolated by Rpi-chc1 homolog PCR (Example 2)

black: Rpi-chc1 homologs identified during map based cloning (Example 1)

FIG. 13A-T. Nucleic acid sequences of 21 mined Rpi-chc1 homologs.

FIG. 14A-AQ. Clustal W alignment of proteins sequences encoded by Rpi-chc1 homologs of FIG. 11 and Rpi-chc1 homologous sequences described in Example 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein, the term “plant or part thereof” means any complete or partial plant, single cells and cell tissues such as plant cells that are intact in plants, cell clumps and tissue cultures from which potato plants can be regenerated. Examples of plant parts include, but are not limited to, single cells and tissues from pollen, ovules, leaves, embryos, roots, root tips, anthers, flowers, fruits, stems shoots, tubers, including potato tubers for consumption or ‘seed tubers’ for cultivation or clonal propagation, and seeds; as well as pollen, ovules, leaves, embryos, roots, root tips, anthers, flowers, fruits, stems, shoots, scions, rootstocks, seeds, protoplasts, calli, and the like.

As used herein, the term “population” means a genetically heterogeneous collection of plants sharing a common genetic derivation.

As used herein, the term “variety” is as defined in the UPOV treaty and refers to any plant grouping within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank, which grouping can be: (a) defined by the expression of the characteristics that results from a given genotype or combination of genotypes, (b) distinguished from any other plant grouping by the expression of at least one of the said characteristics, and (c) considered as a unit with regard to its suitability for being propagated unchanged.

The term “cultivar” (for cultivated variety) as used herein is defined as a variety that is not normally found in nature but that has been cultivated by humans, i.e. having a biological status other than a “wild” status, which “wild” status indicates the original non-cultivated, or natural state of a plant or accession. The term “cultivar” specifically relates to a potatoplant having a ploidy level that is tetraploid. The term “cultivar” further includes, but is not limited to, semi-natural, semi-wild, weedy, traditional cultivar, landrace, breeding material, research material, breeder's line, synthetic population, hybrid, founder stock/base population, inbred line (parent of hybrid cultivar), segregating population, mutant/genetic stock, and advanced/improved cultivar.

As used herein, “crossing” means the fertilization of female plants (or gametes) by male plants (or gametes). The term “gamete” refers to the haploid or diploid reproductive cell (egg or sperm) produced in plants by meiosis, or by first or second restitution, or double reduction from a gametophyte and involved in sexual reproduction, during which two gametes of opposite sex fuse to form a diploid or polyploid zygote. The term generally includes reference to a pollen (including the sperm cell) and an ovule (including the ovum). “Crossing” therefore generally refers to the fertilization of ovules of one individual with pollen from another individual, whereas “selfing” refers to the fertilization of ovules of an individual with pollen from genetically the same individual.

The term “backcrossing” as used herein means the process wherein the plant resulting from a cross between two parental lines is crossed with one of its parental lines, wherein the parental line used in the backcross is referred to as the recurrent parent. Repeated backcrossing results in the genome becoming more and more similar to the recurrent parent, as far as this can be achieved given the level of homo- or heterozygosity of said parent.

As used herein, “selfing” is defined as refers to the process of self-fertilization wherein an individual is pollinated or fertilized with its own pollen.

The term “marker” as used herein means any indicator that is used in methods for inferring differences in characteristics of genomic sequences. Examples of such indicators are restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertion mutations, microsatellite markers (SSRs), sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCARs), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers or isozyme markers or combinations of the markers described herein which defines a specific genetic and chromosomal location.

As used herein, “locus” is defined as the genetic or physical position that a given gene occupies on a chromosome of a plant.

The term “allele(s)” as used herein means any of one or more alternative forms of a gene, all of which alleles relate to the presence or absence of a particular phenotypic trait or characteristic in a plant. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. It is in some instance more accurate to refer to “haplotypes” (i.e. an allele of a chromosomal segment) instead of “allele”, however, in these instances, the term “allele” should be understood to comprise the term “haplotype”.

The term “heterozygous” as used herein, and confined to diploids, means a genetic condition existing when different alleles reside at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes.

As used herein, and confined to diploids, “homozygous” is defined as a genetic condition existing when identical alleles reside at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes.

As used herein, and confined to tetraploids, the term “nulliplex”, “simplex”, “duplex”, “triplex” and “quadruplex”, is defined as a genetic condition existing when a specific allele at a corresponding locus on corresponding homologous chromosomes is present 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 times, respectively. At the tetraploid level the phenotypic effect associated with a recessive allele is only observed when the allele is present in quadruplex condition, whereas the phenotypic effect associated with a dominant allele is already observed when the allele is present in a simplex or higher condition.

The terms “haploid”, “diploid” and “tetraploid” as used herein are defined as having respectively one, two and four pairs of each chromosome in each cell (excluding reproductive cells).

The term “haplotype” as used herein means a combination of alleles at multiple loci that are transmitted together on the same chromosome. This includes haplotypes referring to as few as two loci, and haplotypes referring to an entire chromosome depending on the number of recombination events that have occurred between a given set of loci.

As used herein, the term “infer” or “inferring”, when used in reference to assessing the presence of the fungal resistance as related to the expression of the Rpi-chc1 gene, means drawing a conclusion about the presence of said gene in a plant or part thereof using a process of analyzing individually or in combination nucleotide occurrence(s) of said gene in a nucleic acid sample of the plant or part thereof. As disclosed herein, the nucleotide occurrence(s) can be identified directly by examining the qualitative differences or quantitative differences in expression levels of nucleic acid molecules, or indirectly by examining (the expression level of) the Rpi-chc1 protein.

The term “primer” as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide which is capable of annealing to the amplification target allowing a DNA polymerase to attach thereby serving as a point of initiation of DNA synthesis when placed under conditions in which synthesis of primer extension product which is complementary to a nucleic acid strand is induced, i.e., in the presence of nucleotides and an agent for polymerization such as DNA polymerase and at a suitable temperature and pH. The (amplification) primer is preferably single stranded for maximum efficiency in amplification. Preferably, the primer is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The primer must be sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of extension products in the presence of the agent for polymerization. The exact lengths of the primers will depend on many factors, including temperature and source of primer. A “pair of bi-directional primers” as used herein refers to one forward and one reverse primer as commonly used in the art of DNA amplification such as in PCR amplification.

As used herein, the term “probe” means a single-stranded oligonucleotide sequence that will recognize and form a hydrogen-bonded duplex with a complementary sequence in a target nucleic acid sequence analyte or its cDNA derivative.

The terms “stringency” or “stringent hybridization conditions” refer to hybridization conditions that affect the stability of hybrids, e.g., temperature, salt concentration, pH, formamide concentration and the like. These conditions are empirically optimised to maximize specific binding and minimize non-specific binding of primer or probe to its target nucleic acid sequence. The terms as used include reference to conditions under which a probe or primer will hybridise to its target sequence, to a detectably greater degree than other sequences (e.g. at least 2-fold over background). Stringent conditions are sequence dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Longer sequences hybridise specifically at higher temperatures. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of a complementary target sequence hybridises to a perfectly matched probe or primer.

Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0 M Na+ ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na+ ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes or primers (e.g. 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes or primers (e.g. greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Exemplary low stringent conditions or “conditions of reduced stringency” include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C. and a wash in 2×SSC at 40° C. Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60° C. Hybridization procedures are well known in the art and are described in e.g. Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D. D., Seidman, J. G., Smith, J. A., Struhl, K. eds. (1998) Current protocols in molecular biology. V. B. Chanda, series ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

The present invention describes the cloning of the Rpi-chc1 gene. Rpi-chc1 was mapped to a new R gene locus on chromosome 10 using a S. chacoense mapping population. Markers highly linked to Rpi-chc1 were used to generate a physical map of the R locus. Three R gene analogs (RGA) present on one of two BAC clones that encompassed the Rpi-chc1 locus were targeted for complementation analysis, one of which turned out to be the functional Rpi-chc1 gene. Outside the R-gene clusters described in this invention, Rpi-chc1 shares the highest amino acid sequence identity (40%) to a protein encoded by a gene with unknown function, designated ABF81421, from poplar (Populus trichocarpa). Lower percentages of homology (<30%) were found with R proteins previously identified within the Solanaceae (Table 3).

In a first embodiment, the invention provides an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence Rpi-chc1 (═CHC_B2-3) as presented in FIG. 4A-K or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof, i.e. a functional fragment or a functional homologue of the amino sequence as shown in FIG. 4A-K.

The term “nucleic acid” means a single or double stranded DNA or RNA molecule.

Also included are the complementary sequences of the herein described nucleotide sequences.

The term “functional fragment thereof” is typically used to refer to a fragment of the Rpi-chc1 protein that is capable of providing at least partial resistance or increasing resistance in a plant of the Solanaceae family against an oomycete infection. Such a fragment is, for example, a truncated version of the Rpi-chc1 protein as presented in FIG. 4A-K. A truncated version/fragment of the Rpi-chc1 protein is a fragment that is smaller than 1302 amino acids and preferably comprises part of the LRR domain (i.e. part of the leucine-rich repeats domain which stretches from about amino acid 557 to amino acid 1302 of Rpi-chc1) and/or the N-terminal parts of the Rpi-chc1 protein.

The term “functional homologue” is typically used to refer to a protein sequence that is highly homologous to or has a high identity with the herein described Rpi-chc1 protein, which protein is capable of providing at least partial resistance or increasing resistance in a plant of the Solanaceae family against an oomycete infection. Included are artificial changes or amino acid residue substitutions that at least partly maintain the effect of the Rpi-chc1 protein. For example, certain amino acid residues can conventionally be replaced by others of comparable nature, e.g. a basic residue by another basic residue, an acidic residue by another acidic residue, a hydrophobic residue by another hydrophobic residue, and so on. Examples of hydrophobic amino acids are valine, leucine and isoleucine. Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan are examples of amino acids with an aromatic side chain and cysteine as well as methionine are examples of amino acids with sulphur-containing side chains. Serine and threonine contain aliphatic hydroxyl groups and are considered to be hydrophilic. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid are examples of amino acids with an acidic side chain. In short, the term “functional homologue thereof” includes variants of the Rpi-chc1 protein in which amino acids have been inserted, replaced or deleted and which at least partly maintain the effect of the Rpi-chc1 protein (i.e. at least partly providing or increasing resistance in a plant of the Solanaceae family against an oomycete infection). Preferred variants are variants which only contain conventional amino acid replacements as described above. A high identity in the definition as mentioned above means an identity of at least 80, 85 or 90%. Even more preferred are amino acids that have an identity of 91, 92, 93, 94 or 95%. Most preferred are amino acids that have an identity of 96, 97, 98 or 99% with the amino acid sequence of Rpi-chc1. Homologous proteins are for example the sequences aligned with CHC_B2-3 in FIG. 5 and with the Rpi-chc1 ORF in FIG. 14A-AQ.

A functional homologous nucleic acid sequence is a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a functional homologous protein as described above.

Homology and/or identity percentages can for example be determined by using computer programs such as BLAST, ClustalW or ClustalX.

Many nucleic acid sequences code for a protein that is 100% identical to the Rpi-chc1 protein as presented in FIG. 4A-K. This is because nucleotides in a nucleotide triplet may vary without changing the corresponding amino acid (wobble in the nucleotide triplets). Thus, without having an effect on the amino acid sequence of a protein the nucleotide sequence coding for this protein can be varied. However, in a preferred embodiment, the invention provides an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence as depicted in FIG. 7A-B. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides an isolated, synthetic, or recombinant nucleic acid that represents the coding sequence (CDS) of the Rpi-chc1 protein, i.e. nucleotides 3358-7266 of FIG. 7A-B (shaded) or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof. The nucleotide sequences of homologues with a high identity are represented in FIG. 13A-T, and the corresponding amino acid sequences are given in the alignment of FIG. 14A-AQ.

Fragments as well as homologues of the herein described Rpi-chc1 gene and protein can for example be tested for their functionality by using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens transient transformation assays (agro-infiltration) and/or by using a detached leaf assay.

The experimental part for example describes a functional screen for testing candidate genes using agro-infiltration, whereby 4 week old wild type Nicotiana benthamiana plants are infiltrated with Agrobacterium strains containing the candidate Rpi-chc1 homologues. The infiltrated leaves are subsequently challenged one day after infiltration with a P. infestans strain that is virulent on N. benthamiana, for example IPO-C or 90128, in detached leaf assays. This system is equally suitable for testing candidate homologous fragments of Rpi-chc1. A person skilled in the art thus can easily determine whether or not an Rpi-chc1 homolog or fragment can be considered to be a functional homolog or fragment.

Transient gene expression, as is achieved through agro-infiltration, is a fast, flexible and reproducible approach to high-level expression of useful proteins. In plants, recombinant strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used for transient expression of genes that have been inserted into the T-DNA region of the bacterial Ti plasmid. A bacterial culture is infiltrated into leaves, and upon T-DNA transfer, there is ectopic expression of the gene of interest in the plant cells. However, the utility of the system is limited because the ectopic RNA expression ceases after 2-3 days. It is shown that post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is a major cause for this lack of efficiency. A system based on co-expression of a viral-encoded suppressor of gene silencing, the p19 protein of tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), prevents the onset of PTGS in the infiltrated tissues and allows high level of transient expression. Expression of a range of proteins was enhanced 50-fold or more in the presence of p19 so that protein purification could be achieved from as little as 100 mg of infiltrated leaf material. Although it is clear that the use of p19 has advantages, an agroinfiltration without p19 can also be used to test the functionality of candidate fragments and functional homologues.

Alternatively, each candidate gene (for example being a fragment or homologue) construct is targeted for transformation to a susceptible potato cultivar, for example Desiree. Primary transformants are challenged in detached leaf assays using for example isolates IPO-0, IPO-C or 90128. Transformants that are resistant to these isolates harbour for example functional fragments or homologues of Rpi-chc1.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid as provided herein, i.e. a nucleic acid capable of providing at least partial resistance or increasing resistance in a plant of the Solanaceae family against an oomycete infection. More particularly, the invention provides a vector comprising an isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence Rpi-chc1 of FIG. 4A-K or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof. The invention also provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence as depicted in FIG. 7A-B.

Examples of a suitable vector are pBeloBACII, pBINplus, pKGW-MG or any commercially available cloning vector.

As will be outlined below there are multiple ways in which a nucleic acid of the invention can be transferred to a plant. One suitable means of transfer is mediated by Agrobacterium in which the nucleic acid to be transferred is part of a binary vector and hence it is preferred that the above described vector is a binary vector. Another suitable means is by crossing a plant which contains the gene encoding Rpi-chc1 to a plant that does not contain the gene and to identify those progeny of the cross that have inherited the Rpi-chc1 gene.

The invention further provides a host cell comprising a nucleic acid as described herein or a vector as described herein. Examples of a preferred host cell are an E. coli cell suitable for BAC clones (e.g. DH10B) or an Agrobacterium (host) cell. In another embodiment, said host cell comprises a plant cell. A preferred plant cell is a cell derived from a member of the Solanaceae family and even more preferred said plant cell comprises a cell from Solanum tuberosum, Solanum lycopersicum, formerly known as Lycopersicon esculentum, pepper and eggplant. From such a cell, a transgenic or genetically modified plant (for example a potato or tomato plant) can be obtained by methods known by the skilled person (for example regeneration protocols).

The invention further provides a leaf, tuber, fruit or seed or part or progeny of a genetically modified plant as described herein.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a protein encoded by the herein described isolated or recombinant nucleic acid or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a protein encoded by a nucleic acid sequence as depicted in FIG. 7A-B. In yet another preferred embodiment, the invention provides a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of FIG. 4A-K or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof. Further preferred are the functional (active) proteins depicted in FIG. 14A-AQ, more specifically the proteins designated as 493-7_G12, 543-5_C2, 849-1_M8_M18_M20, 487-1_I4_I6_I8, 94-2031_L4_L7_18, 561-2_K4_K14_K22, 324-2_J1_J3_J8, 852-5_E14_E23, 852-5_E28, 493-9_H5_H30, 493-7_G14_G22, 561-2_K6_K30_K31 and 493-7_G21.

The herein described Rpi-chc1 protein comprises 1302 amino acids and the LRR domains of Rpi-chc1 consist of 29 imperfect repeats (FIG. 5). Interestingly Rpi-chc1 shares the highest homology (75-98%) with other RGAs from the Rpi-chc1 gene cluster from S. chacoense and with genes from synthenic clusters on chromosome 10 from S. tuberosum (Table 3). A lower (40%), but significant, extent of homology was found with a protein encoded by a gene with unknown function from poplar (accession number ABF81421, Table 3). The different domains of Rpi-chc1 share varying degrees of homology with corresponding domains of the poplar protein encoded by ABF81421. The NBS domain is most conserved (48% aa identity), followed by the CC domain (34% aa identity). The LRR domain is least conserved (21% aa identity). Overall homologies of lower than 33% are found with the FOM2 protein from cucumber, which confers resistance to fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, Rpi-blb1 from S. bulbocastanum, R3a from S. demissum, and RPS1 from soybean (Glycine max), which confer resistance to Phytophthora sp. These sequence homologies show that Rpi-chc1 is a member of an ancient R-gene family that has not been characterised before in Solanaceae

As already described, a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof of Rpi-chc1 is a fragment or homologue that is capable of providing at least partial resistance or increasing resistance in a plant of the Solanaceae family against an oomycete infection.

Means to test the functionality of a functional fragment or a functional homologue of Rpi-chc1 have been provided above.

Based on the herein described nucleic acid sequences, the invention also provides probes and primers (i.e. oligonucleotide sequences complementary to one of the (complementary) DNA strands as described herein). Probes are for example useful in Southern or northern analysis and primers are for example useful in PCR analysis. Primers based on the herein described nucleic acid sequences are very useful to assist plant breeders active in the field of classical breeding and/or breeding by genetic modification of the nucleic acid content of a plant (preferably said plant is a Solanum tuberosum, Solanum lycopersicum, formerly known as Lycopersicon esculentum), pepper or eggplant in selecting a plant that is capable of expressing for example Rpi-chc1 or a functional fragment or functional homolog thereof.

Hence, in a further embodiment, the invention provides a binding molecule capable of binding to a nucleic acid encoding Rpi-chc1 or a functional fragment or functional homolog thereof as described herein or its complementary nucleic acid. In a preferred embodiment, said binding molecule is a primer or a probe. As mentioned, such a binding molecule is very useful for plant breeders and hence the invention further provides a method for selecting a plant or plant material or progeny thereof for its susceptibility or resistance to an oomycete infection. Preferably, the nucleic acid of a plant to be tested is isolated from said plant and the obtained isolated nucleic acid is brought in contact with one or multiple (preferably different) binding molecule(s). One can for example use a PCR analysis to test plants for the presence of absence of Rpi-chc1 in the plant genome. Such a method would be especially preferable in marker-free transformation protocols, such as described in WO 03/010319.

The herein described Rpi-chc1 protein can also be used to elicit antibodies by means known to the skilled person. The invention thus also provides an antibody that (specifically) binds to the protein encoded by the herein described isolated or recombinant nucleic acid (for example the nucleic acid sequence of FIG. 7A-B) or an antibody that (specifically) binds to a protein as depicted in FIG. 4A-K or a functional fragment or a functional homolog thereof. Such an antibody is for example useful in protein analysis methods such as Western blotting or ELISA, and hence can be used in selecting plants that successfully express the Rpi-chc1 gene.

Based on the herein provided nucleic acid sequences, the invention also provides the means to introduce or increase resistance against an oomycete infection in a plant. The invention therefore also provides a method for providing at least partial resistance or increasing resistance in a plant against an oomycete infection comprising providing a plant or a part thereof with:

an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the Rpi-chc1 amino acid sequence of FIG. 4A-K or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof, or

an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence as depicted in FIG. 7A-B, or

a vector comprising the herein described nucleic acid sequences, or

a host cell as described herein.

Such a method for providing at least partial resistance or increasing resistance in a plant against an oomycete infection may be based on classical breeding, departing from a parent plant that already contains the Rp1-chc1 gene or a functional homolog thereof, or it involves the transfer of DNA into a plant, i.e., involves a method for transforming a plant cell comprising providing said plant cell with a nucleic acid as described herein or a vector as described herein or a host cell as described herein.

There are multiple ways in which a recombinant nucleic acid can be transferred to a plant cell, for example Agrobacterium mediated transformation. However, besides by Agrobacterium infection, there are other means to effectively deliver DNA to recipient plant cells when one wishes to practice the invention. Suitable methods for delivering DNA to plant cells are believed to include virtually any method by which DNA can be introduced into a cell, such as by direct delivery of DNA such as by PEG-mediated transformation of protoplasts, by desiccation/inhibition-mediated DNA uptake (Potrykus et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:183-188, 1985), by electroporation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253), by agitation with silicon carbide fibers (Kaeppler et al., 1990; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,523; and 5,464,765), and by acceleration of DNA coated particles (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,318; 5,538,877; and 5,538,880). Through the application of techniques such as these, cells from virtually any plant species may be stably transformed, and these cells may be developed into transgenic plants.

In case Agrobacterium mediated transfer is used, it is preferred to use a substantially virulent Agrobacterium such as A. tumefaciens, as exemplified by strain A281 or a strain derived thereof or another virulent strain available in the art. These Agrobacterium strains carry a DNA region originating from the virulence region of the Ti plasmid pTiBo542, which coordinates the processing of the T-DNA and its transfer into plant cells. Agrobacterium-based plant transformation is well known in the art (as e.g. described in, for example by Komari, T. et al.: Plant Transformation Technology: Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation, in: Handbook of Plant Biotechnology, Eds. Christou, P. and Klee, H., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK 2004, pp. 233-262). Preferably a marker-free transformation protocol is used, such as described in WO 03/010319.

Alternatively, the nucleic acid of the Rpi-chc1 gene or a functional homolog thereof may be introduced into a plant by crossing. Such a crossing scheme starts off with the selection of a suitable parent plant. This may for instance be an original Solanum chacoense variety (such as accession CHC543-5), an original S. tarijense variety (such as accession TAR852-5), an original S. sucrense variety (such as accession SUC849-2) or an original S. berthaultii variety (such as accession BER481-3 or BER94-2031) or a plant that has obtained the desired nucleic acid by genetic engineering as described above.

Any suitable method known in the art for crossing selected plants may be applied in the method according to the invention. This includes both in vivo and in vitro methods. A person skilled in the art will appreciate that in vitro techniques such as protoplast fusion or embryo rescue may be applied when deemed suitable.

Selected plants that are used for crossing purposes in the methods according to the invention may have any type of ploidy. For example, selected plants may be haploid, diploid or tetraploid. However, crossing diploid plants, such as S. chacoense, S. tarijense and S. berthaultii, will only provide diploid offspring. Crossing a diploid plant with a tetraploid plant will result in triploid offspring that is sterile.

Thus, when plants are selected that are diploid, their ploidy must be increased to tetraploid level before they can be crossed with another tetraploid plant in the methods according to the invention. Methods for increasing the ploidy of a plant are well known in the art and can be readily applied by a person skilled in the art. For example, ploidy of a diploid plant for crossing purposes can be increased by using 2N gametes of said diploid plant. Ploidy can also be increased by inhibiting chromosome segregation during meiosis, for example by treating a diploid plant with colchicine. By applying such methods on a diploid plant, embryos or gametes are obtained that comprise double the usual number of chromosomes. Such embryos or gametes can then be used for crossing purposes. For potatoes a resistant tetraploid plant is preferred, since tetraploid plants are known to have higher yields of tubers.

Since the resistance characteristic has appeared to be a dominant trait, it is sufficient if only one allele with the functional gene is present.

Preferably, selected plants are crossed with each other using classical in vivo crossing methods that comprise one or more crossing steps including selfing. By applying such classical crossing steps characteristics of both the parents can be combined in the progeny. For example, a plant that provides a high yield can be crossed with a plant that contains large amounts of a certain nutrient. Such a crossing would provide progeny comprising both characteristics, i.e. plants that not only comprise large amounts of the nutrient but also provide high yields.

When applying backcrossing, F1 progeny is crossed with one of its high-yielding parents P to ensure that the characteristics of the F2 progeny resemble those of the high-yielding parent. For example, a selected diploid potato with oomycete resistance is made tetraploid by using colchicine and then crossed with a selected high-yielding tetraploid potato cultivar, with the purpose of ultimately providing a high-yielding tetraploid progeny having oomycete resistance. Also selfing may be applied. Selected plants, either parent or progeny, are then crossed with themselves to produce inbred varieties for breeding. For example, selected specimens from the above mentioned F1 progeny are crossed with themselves to provide an F2 progeny from which specimens can be selected that have an increased level of resistance.

After transfer of a nucleic acid into a plant or plant cell, it must be determined which plants or plant cells have been provided with said nucleic acid. When selecting and crossing a parental genotype in a method according to the invention, a marker is used to assist selection in at least one selection step. It is known in the art that markers, indicative for a certain trait or condition, can be found in vivo and in vitro at different biological levels. For example, markers can be found at peptide level or at gene level. At gene level, a marker can be detected at RNA level or DNA level. Preferably, in the present invention the presence of such a marker is detected at DNA level, using the above described primers and/or probes. Alternatively, proper expression of the Rpi-chc1 protein or a functional homolog thereof can be assessed in plant parts by performing an immunoassay with an antibody that specifically binds the protein. Next to the primers and probes according to the invention, use can also be made of specific markers that are to be found in the vicinity of the coding sequence. Such markers are indicated in the experimental part below and comprise the markers as indicated in Table. 2. Markers are derived from accompanying BAC sequences.

In case of transgenic approaches selecting a transformed plant may be accomplished by using a selectable marker or a reporter gene. Among the selective markers or selection genes that are most widely used in plant transformation are the bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase genes (nptI, nptII and nptIII genes) conferring resistance to the selective agent kanamycin, suggested in EP131623 and the bacterial aphIV gene suggested in EP186425 conferring resistance to hygromycin. EP 275957 discloses the use of an acetyl transferase gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes that confers resistance to the herbicide phosphinotricin. Plant genes conferring relative resistance to the herbicide glyphosate are suggested in EP218571. Suitable examples of reporter genes are beta-glucuronidase (GUS), beta-galactosidase, luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP).

TABLE 2 Primer sequences for amplification of specific (parts of) nucleotide sequences according to the invention. marker Forward F primer sequence 5′-3′ Reverse R primer sequence 5′-3′ target(s) polymorphism 2D06_3D21_C27-1 MN469 TGTTTGATCTCCTCACCCATC MN470 GTTCCCCTCTCTCCCTCTCC 7650 CAPS, enzyme Nla III 2D06_3D21_C27-7 MN491 TGAGAATTTACAGTGGTTTGTTGC MN492 GATCAATCAATCGATCATAACGTC 7650 CAPS, enzyme RsaI CHC_B07_1_C15_RP′ MN396 CGACCCCACCCCTCATCCTT MN397 CGCCAACATATTCGTGCTTCA 7650 CAPS, MnlI CHC_B07_1_C15_T7 MN382 CGTGAGCTAAGCATGAACACC MN383 GCACGTTTCTCATAATCCCATC 7650 CAPS, enzyme HinfI COS66740 JV57 ATGTGACTCCGCATTTGCAGCTC JV58 ATCTCATCTTATTAATCTGATTCAAAGC 7650 CAPS, enzyme FspBI CT214 JV117 GAACGCGAAAGAGTGCTGATAG JV118 CCCGCTGCCTATGGAGAGT 06-882 CAPS, enzyme DdeI RH036A10S MN161 GTGCATTACCCTGTTATTTTGC MN162 TGGGTCTTGGAAGACAGGTG 7650 CAPS, enzyme DdeI RH046C09T MN257 GGCCACGTATTAACAATTTTGAG MN258 GCATAGCAATTGAAAGCCTAAAC 06-882 CAPS, enzyme HpyCH4IV RH070C16S MN300 TGTTTGACATCCTCCAGCAG MN301 CTCAGCTTGGGCTTTGTTTC 06-882 CAPS, enzyme AluI RH077023S MN263 ACATTAAAGGCTGCCCACAG MN264 GCAGTTCGACAATTTTACGTC 06-882 CAPS, enzyme SduI RH092A09S MN151 TCAAGGTGGCATTCTTCAAC MN152 AAGCAAGGACTTTGCGATTC 7650 CAPS, enzyme NlaIII RH097D21_C21-4 MN406 TTGCTTTGAGTTGTTGCCTG MN407 TATGCATCATCATCGCGAAC 7650 CAPS, enzyme HpyCH4IV RH099F09T MN292 TGTTTGATGCTTGGGTAGTG MN293 CAGCGTTGAACACTCAAAATC 7650 CAPS, enzyme SsiI RH106G03S MN296 TGGCCTAAAGTTGGCTGTTG MN297 TCCAACCAAAACATGAGACG 06-882 CAPS, enzyme Bsh12361 RH106G03T MN294 CCCCGAATGATAAGTCCAAC MN295 TGAGGCATAGAGAACAATCTTTG 7650 CAPS, enzyme MseI RH106G03T MN294 CCCCGAATGATAAGTCCAAC MN295 TGAGGCATAGAGAACAATCTTTG 06-882 CAPS, enzyme RsaI 06-882, RH RH137D14_C37-2 JV233 TTTCTCTACTGTCTGGCTTGCTTGGGGATAC JV234 GAGCTGCTTCTTTGGACTTTCTTCTGACCT BAC(s) CAPS, enzyme XapI RH137D14_C37-7 MN429 AAAATTGCTGCCAAAGAAGC MN430 AGTCCGATACGCCAACCTAC 7650 CAPS, enzyme XapI RH173M16T MN165 TCTTTGCTAGTCGTTGGTTGAG MN166 TGGGTTTCCCAAGTTGAAAG 7650 CAPS, enzyme Bme13901 RH173M16T MN165 TCTTTGCTAGTCGTTGGTTGAG MN166 TGGGTTTCCCAAGTTGAAAG 06-882 CAPS, enzyme HpyFloVI RH198E12T MA78 GACTCTGCCGTGATTGCTGAA MA79 CACCGGGAAGACGCTGTTT 06-882 CAPS, enzyme RsaI RH199E15S MN177 ACTTGGGAAACCCAGGAGAG MN178 TTTATGGTCCTGGGTCTTGG RHxSH CAPS, enzyme Bme13901 RH199E15S MN177 ACTTGGGAAACCCAGGAGAG MN178 TTTATGGTCCTGGGTCTTGG 06-882 CAPS, enzyme HpyCH4IV RH199E15S MN177 ACTTGGGAAACCCAGGAGAG MN178 TTTATGGTCCTGGGTCTTGG 7650 CAPS, enzyme MnII RH199E15T MN173 GATGCATATCATCAAATTCAATCTC MN174 CTCCGGTGTTATCGACGTG 06-882 CAPS, enzyme HinI II RH199E15T MN173 GATGCATATCATCAAATTCAATCTC MN174 CTCCGGTGTTATCGACGTG 7650 CAPS, enzyme XapI TG233 JV95.2 CATGCCTTTTTCTTGGGATG JV96 TGGAACCCCTTTAACTGTGC 06-882 CAPS, enzyme AluI TG63 JV23 TCCAATTGCCAGACGAA JV24 TAGAGAAGGCCCTTGTAAGTTT 06-882 CAPS, enzyme Bsh12361 TG63 JV23 TCCAATTGCCAGACGAA JV24 TAGAGAAGGCCCTTGTAAGTTT 7650 CAPS, enzyme HhaI TG63 JV80 CTGCATCAACTGGATATTCC JV81 GTTGAGCAGTGCAATGTAC RHxSH CAPS, enzyme SsiI U221455 JV82 AGGCGCTTCTTATTATCTTTCTC JV83 ACCACAAGCAATCATTTCTACACC 7650 CAPS, enzyme AluI Rpi-chc1 locus directed JV 162 ctaatycaactytggatggcwgaagg adaptor ACTCGATTCTCAACCCGAAAG SHxRH, 06- profiling F1 882 MDP Rpi-chc1 locus directed JV 163 ctaccamkycgasaracagattcc ACTCGATTCTCAACCCGAAAG SHxRH, 06- profiling F2 882 MDP Rpi-chc1 locus directed JV 164 tggmckragaaamccttcwgccatc ACTCGATTCTCAACCCGAAAG SHxRH, 06- profiling R1 882 MDP Rpi-chc1 locus directed JV 165 ccwarrccwsccatwccyactat ACTCGATTCTCAACCCGAAAG SHxRH, 06- profiling R2 882 MDP RH099F09S MN290 CATGAGAAATGAACCCCTCAC MN291 AACGTGCAGAGGTATTTTTGG 7650 SCAR RH134D08S MN286 TTTTCCACAAGAATAGCCAAGAC MN287 ATCTGGGCTCATCCGAATC 7650 SCAR RH056H18S MN320 GGCCATTGTTTGTGAAACTG MN321 CGTCGGGAAGTCTACATTGC 7650 SCAR RH40G17T MN251 TAGGGGGTGTCAAAATGAGC MN252 GCTGGAACTTCACAGTAAAACC 7650 SCAR RH40G17T MN251 TAGGGGGTGTCAAAATGAGC MN252 GCTGGAACTTCACAGTAAAACC 06-882 SCAR RH199E15T MN173 GATGCATATCATCAAATTCAATCTC MN174 CTCCGGTGTTATCGACGTG RHxSH SCAR RH092A09S MN151 TCAAGGTGGCATTCTTCAAC MN152 AAGCAAGGACTTTGCGATTC RHxSH SCAR E39/M56_GW fragment MN113 CTAAGGGTTCCTCCGCAAG MN114 CAAATTGGACCGAACCTTTG 7650 SCAR RH091C10T MN304 CCCGAGATCCAGTGAAATTG MN305 GGTTCTGAACTCATCCTATTCCTC 06-882 SCAR RH046C09S MN253 TAGGGGGTGTCAAAATGAGC MN254 ATGGCAAAACGGAGTTAGGG 06-882 SCAR RH047F10S MA92 TTGTGTACATTCTATCCCCCG MA93 TGGCGTATGCATCAATGG 06-882 SCAR 543-5 RH106G03T MN294 CCCCGAATGATAAGTCCAAC MN295 TGAGGCATAGAGAACAATCTTTG BAC(s) CHC_B07_1_C15_T7 MN382 CGTGAGCTAAGCATGAACACC MN383 GCACGTTTCTCATAATCCCATC RH BAC(s) 543-5 CHC_B07_1_C15_RP MN396 CGACCCCACCCCTCATCCTT MN397 CGCCAACATATTCGTGCTTCA BAC(s) 543-5 RH137D14 C37-7 MN429 AAAATTGCTGCCAAAGAAGC MN430 AGTCCGATACGCCAACCTAC BAC(s) MN38 CGAACTCTGAGATTGGGACTATG MN39 CACGAATAGAACAATAATAGAAAAAG RH BAC E46-M48c library RH099F09S MN290 CATGAGAAATGAACCCCTCAC MN291 AACGTGCAGAGGTATTTTTGG RH BAC(s) RH134D08S MN286 TTTTCCACAAGAATAGCCAAGAC MN287 ATCTGGGCTCATCCGAATC RH BAC(s) RH40G17T MN251 TAGGGGGTGTCAAAATGAGC MN252 GCTGGAACTTCACAGTAAAACC RH BAC(s) RH199E15T MN173 GATGCATATCATCAAATTCAATCTC MN174 CTCCGGTGTTATCGACGTG RH BAC(s) RH137D14T MA74 CTACAAATGATAAATAAGCAAACT MA75 AATAGGTGGAGGGAGGAC RH BAC(s) RH137D14S MA72 GAAGCAAACATCAATAATA MA73 TTCCCCTCAAATCATAG RH BAC(s) RH184J01T MN288 CCGATTTACTATTGGTTCATGC MN289 TCAAATTTCGATTGGCTTGC RH BAC(s) 543-5 RH184J01T MN288 CCGATTTACTATTGGTTCATGC MN289 TCAAATTTCGATTGGCTTGC BAC(s) 543-5 RH070C16S MN300 TGTTTGACATCCTCCAGCAG MN301 CTCAGCTTGGGCTTTGTTTC BAC(s)

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method for providing at least partial resistance or increasing resistance in a plant against an oomycete infection comprising providing a plant or a part thereof with:

an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the Rpi-chc1 amino acid sequence of FIG. 4A-K or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof, or

an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence as depicted in FIG. 7A-B, or an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein selected from the group of 493-7_G12, 543-5_C2, 849-1_M8_M18_M20, 487-1_I4_I6_I8, 94-2031_L4_L7_18, 561-2_K4_K14_K22, 324-2_J1_J3_J8, 852-5_E14_E23, 852-5_E28, 493-9_H5_H30, 493-7_G14_G22, 561-2_K6_K30_K31 and 493-7_G21 as depicted in FIG. 13A-T,

a vector comprising the herein described nucleic acid sequences, or

a host cell as described herein,

wherein said oomycete comprises Phytophthora, preferably Phytophthora infestans and/or wherein said plant comprises a plant from the Solanaceae family, preferably a potato or tomato plant, more preferably a tetraploid potato plant.

The invention also provides a plant that is obtainable by using a method for providing at least partial resistance or increasing resistance in a plant against an oomycete infection as described above. A preferred plant is a plant from the Solanaceae family and even more preferred said plant is a Solanum tuberosum or a Solanum lycopersicum, formerly known as Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum melononga, Capsicum spp., such as C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. pubescens. The invention thus also provides a plant that has been provided with a nucleic acid encoding a Rpi-chc1 protein or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof.

The invention further provides a plant part or progeny of a plant according to the invention comprising a nucleic acid encoding the Rpi-chc1 amino acid sequence of FIG. 4A-K or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the herein described nucleic acid is transferred to a Solanum variety other than Solanum chacoense, i.e. the herein described nucleic acid is preferably provided to a non-chacoense background, preferably S. lycopersicon or S. tuberosum. Of the latter most preferred is a tetraploid variety and more preferably to a commercial interesting variety such as Bintje, Desiree or Premiere, Spunta, Nicola, Favorit, Russet Burbank, Aveka or Lady Rosetta.

It is also possible to provide the resistance according to the invention to a plant that is already partially resistant to an oomycete infection, wherein said plant is provided with a nucleic acid encoding a further resistance gene, such as Rpi-blb1, -2, -3, Rpi-vnt1 or Rpi-mcq1.

The invention further provides use of an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the Rpi-chc1 amino acid sequence of FIG. 4A-K or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof or use of an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequence as depicted in FIG. 7A-B or use of a vector comprising any of said nucleic acid sequences or use of a host cell comprising any of said nucleic acid sequences or said vector for providing a plant with at least partial resistance against an oomycete infection. In a preferred embodiment, said oomycete comprises Phytophthora and even more preferably Phytophthora infestans. In yet another preferred embodiment said plant comprises Solanum tuberosum or Solanum lycopersicum, formerly known as Lycopersicon esculentum.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing Rpi-chc1 protein or a functional fragment or a functional homologue thereof comprising functionally linking a nucleic acid as described herein to a regulatory sequence and allowing said nucleic acid to be expressed in a host cell. Examples of a regulatory sequence are a promoter and/or terminator sequence. Further, as will become clear from Example 2, it is preferred that the Rpi-chc1 sequence is expressed under control of its own promoter and terminator. Therefore, the invention further provides the promoter and/or terminator sequences of Rpi-chc1 (FIG. 7A-B). FIG. 7A-B show the nucleotide sequence of clone CHC B2-3 (7907 bp) containing the Rpi-chc1 gene and regulatory sequences. The Rpi-chc1 coding region of 4550 bp is highlighted in shading (nt 3358-7266). The upstream 3357 nucleotides (nt 1-3357) and the downstream 641 nucleotides (nt 7267-7907) harbour the regulatory sequences that ensure correct expression of the gene. The skilled person is very well capable of cloning (part of) said regulatory sequences and testing their efficiency in transcription. It has further been found that even a better expression is obtained with a truncated promoter, i.e. a promoter containing less than 1000, preferably not more than 900 base pairs upstream of the gene sequence.

The invention will be explained in more detail in the following, non-limiting examples.

EXPERIMENTAL PART Example 1: Population Development

A recent taxonomic regrouping of the Solanum section Petota revealed the lack of species structure in this section (Jacobs et al., 2008). In order to identify late blight resistance traits from the taxonomic group 10-14 (Jacobs et al., 2008) we selected several accessions and tested their resistance levels to Phytophthora infestans in field trials. Five accessions, that were previously determined as S. tarijense (TAR), S. berthaultii (BER), and S. chacoense (CHC), with high resistance levels were selected (TAR852-5, BER94-2031-01, BER481-3, BER493-7, CHC543-5). In order to study the genetic basis of these resistances, crosses were generated using BER493-7, CHC543-5, BER94-2031-01 as resistant parents. The resulting F1 populations were tested for the segregation of resistance to P. infestans in a detached leaf assay (Table 1).

TABLE 1 population analysis pop DLA number R-parent S-parent Individuals R:S:Q isolate 06-882 94-2031-01 G254 94 1:1:0 IPO-C 7677 BER 493-7 RH 89-039-16 71 3:3:1 90128 7650 CHC 543-5 CHC 544-5 212 1:1:0 90128

Detached leaf assays were performed in the offspring of the indicated crosses. Segregation ratios of plants with R(esistant), S(usceptible) or Q(uestionable) phenotypes were determined.

In populations 7650 and 06-882 a clear 1:1 segregation was found, a hallmark for the segregation of a single dominant resistance gene. In population 7767 also a 1:1 segregation was found, however, also a group of 10 plants with intermediate (Q) resistance levels was found.

Map Positions of Rpi-chc1 and Rpi-ber

From literature it was known that a late blight resistance gene from S. berthaultii (Rpi-ber) was closely linked to TG63 on the long arm of chromosome 10 (Rauscher et al., 2006), a region to which also the tomato Ph-2 QTL from S. pimpenellifolium mapped (Moreau et al., 1998). We therefore developed CAPS markers in TG63 in the three populations. Using the polymorphism described in Table 2, it was found that the resistances in 06-882 and 7650 were closely linked to TG63 since one and two recombinants were found respectively. Also the resistance in 7677 was linked to TG63 albeit a higher recombination frequency (15 recombinations) was observed. It is concluded that this area on chromosome 10 is very important for resistance to late blight. Therefore, we set out to exploit the well characterised RH89-039-16 physical map in order to generate a reference map of the TG63 locus. Using the polymorphism described in Table 2, TG63 was mapped to RH10B41. At this mapposition the contig 6701 was anchored. BAC end sequences in this contig were used to generate markers suitable for mapping in population 7650. RH199E15S (Table 2) was found to co-segregate with resistance in 7650 and 06-882, indicating that 6710 from RH89-039-16 was in a locus synthenic with the Rpi-chc1 and Rpi ber locus.

Besides anchoring TG63 genetically, it was also located in the physical map of RH89-039-16 by PCR screening the RH BAC library. A positive contig, 2203, was found. Remarkably, contig 2203 was anchored to RH10B38 using two independent markers (Jan de Boer, PGSC). CAPS markers were developed based on BAC end sequences in contig 2203 and mapped in the 06-882 and 7650 populations. Also these markers were closely linked to resistance, indicating that also this contig is in a locus synthenic with the Rpi-chc1 and Rpi-ber locus.

Using BAC-end sequences, three additional RH BAC contigs flanking contigs 2203 and 6701 were identified (FIG. 1A). In order to generate sufficient sequence information for finemapping two tiling paths consisting of 3 and 4 overlapping BACs (106G038, 137D014, 009D021 and 122B15, 77O23, 04G12, 199E15) were composed and sequenced. Annotation of the RH BAC sequence (FIG. 2) revealed the presence of two RGAs in the first tiling path (that mapped to RH10B38) and 7 RGAs in the second tiling path (that mapped to RH10B41, 42), indicated as arrowheads in FIG. 1A. Several markers deriving from these and other chromosome 10 sequences were mapped in the S. chacoense population 7650 (FIG. 1B) and in the S. berthaultii population 06-882 (FIG. 1A). The sizes of these populations were increased to 2357 and 2532 respectively. Recombinants in the relevant genomic area were screened for using markers RH099F09T and RH092A09S in population 7650 en markers RH91C10T and RH199 E15 S in population 06-882. Markers that were derived from the same RH BAC (RH137D14), 137D14-C37-7 and 137D14-C37-2 are only 15 kb apart in RH89-039-16 and co-segregate in the 7650 population (two recombinants) and in the 06-882 population (no recombinants), respectively. This strongly suggests that Rpi-chc1 and Rpi-ber are in synthenic gene clusters and that there might be an allelic relationship between the genes.

Cloning of Rpi-chc1

In order to clone Rpi-chc1, two BAC libraries were constructed using DNA derived from the resistant clone CHC543-5. The first library was constructed in the pCC1BAC BAC vector and contained approximately 22.000 clones with an average insert size of ˜70 Kbp, corresponding to 1 genome equivalent. A second library was constructed in the pIndigoBAC-5 BAC vector and contained approximately 110.000 clones with an average insert size of ˜45 Kbp, corresponding to 3 genome equivalents. The first library was screened with marker RH106G03T (Table 2, FIG. 1B), which cosegregated with resistance in the 7650 population with only three recombination events. In this way BAC clones CHC B1 was identified. Both BAC ends of CHC B1 (B07_1_C15) were mapped and the RP end (marker B07_1_C15_RP′), which showed only one recombination event with the Rpi-chc1 resistance gene, was used to screen the second BAC library and identified CHC B2 (2-D06_3-D21) (FIG. 1B). CHC B2 turned out to contain the RH137D14 C37-7 marker. Two recombination events were found with RH137D14 C37-7, on the other site of the Rpi-chc1 resistance gene. It was therefore concluded that the Rpi-chc1 locus was delimited to a 0.2 cM (5/2357 recombinants) interval that is physically spanned by the two partially overlapping BAC clones CHC B1 and CHC B2 (FIG. 1B).

By sequencing these two BACs, it was found that CHC B1 contained two RGAs and CHC B2 contained three RGAs, which were named CHC B1-1, CHC B1-2, CHC B2-1, CHC B2-2, and CHC B2-3 respectively (FIG. 2). The latter three RGAs were within mapping interval delimited by B07_1_C15_RP′ and RH137D14 C37-7. Therefore, the three genes were subcloned into pBINplus vector under the control of their native regulatory elements by longrange PCR using the high fidelity polymerase Phusion®. The resulting subclones were completely sequenced and were found to be identical to their BAC template sequences.

Complementation analysis was carried out in Nicotiana benthamiana using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens transient assay (agroinfiltration) whereby 4-week old wild type N. benthamiana plants were infiltrated with the Agrobacterium strain AGL1+virG containing pBINplus:CHC B2-1, pBINplus:CHC B2-2, and pBINplus:CHC B2-3 respectively. As controls we used pBINplus without an insert and pBINplus:Rpi-blb1. Infiltrated leaves were challenged after two days with P. infestans strain 90128 in detached leaf assays (DLA). Leaves infiltrated with pBINplus:CHC B2-3 and pBINplus:Rpi-blb1 showed resistance to infection, while pBINplus:CHC B2-1, pBINplus:CHC B2-2 and pBINplus without an insert were colonized by Phytophtora as was apparent from the sporulating lesions (FIG. 3). This experiment clearly showed that CHC B2-3 is an active resistance gene against P. infestans. Since none of the other genes present in the genetic mapping interval of Rpi-chc1 shows activity, it can be concluded that CHC B2-3 is the Rpi-chc1 gene.

Rpi-chc1 Homology and Structure

Interestingly, Rpi-chc1 shares the highest homology (75-98%) with other RGAs from the Rpi-chc1 gene cluster from S. chacoense and with genes from synthenic clusters on chromosome 10 from S. tuberosum clone RH89-039-16 (Table 3, FIG. 4A-K). A lower (40%), but significant, extent of homology was found with a protein encoded by a gene with unknown function from poplar (accession number ABF81421, Table 3, FIG. 4A-K). The different domains of Rpi-chc1 protein share varying degrees of homology with corresponding domains of the poplar protein encoded by ABF81421. The NBS domain is most conserved (48% aa identity), followed by the CC domain (34% aa identity). The LRR domain is least conserved (21% aa identity). Overall homologies of lower than 33% are found with the FOM2 protein from cucumber (Joobeur et al., 2004), which confers resistance to fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, Rpi-blb1 from S. bulbocastanum (Song et al., 2003; van der Vossen et al., 2003), R3a from S. demissum (Huang et al., 2005), and RPS1-k from soybean (Glycine max) (Gao et al., 2005), which confer resistance to Phytophthora sp.

Rpi-chc1 comprises an ORFs of 3909 nucleotides (nt) that encode a protein of 1302 amino acids harboring all sequences characteristic of a CC-NB-LRR R-proteins (FIG. 5). In the N terminus 5 stretches of amino acids can be distinguished with the potential to fold into a coiled coil structure. The central NB-ARC domain contains stretches of amino acids which show similarity with the Kinase 1a, Kinase 2, Kinase 3a, GLPL, RNBS-D and MHD subdomains (Bendahmane et al., 2002; van der Biezen and Jones, 1998). In contrast to many other NB-LRR proteins, the Rpi-chc1 protein is characterized by the absence of an obvious RNBS-A sub-domain and the presence of a double MHD sub-domain. The C-terminal domain contains 29 imperfect leucine rich repeats (LRRs). Both LRR 3 and 4 contain the characteristic LDL signature, which often present in LRR3. Both the MHD and the LRR3 have been implicated in activity regulation and putative intra-molecular interactions (Bendahmane et al., 2002; Tameling et al., 2006). Duplication of both of these subdomains might hint to a common regulatory mechanism.

Rpi-chc1 Homologous Loci in the Genome; Locus Directed Profiling

In order to identify positions in the genome that contain Rpi-chc1 related nucleotide sequences a new technique was developed that is derived from the NBS profiling (Brugmans et al., 2008; van der Linden et al., 2004) and will be referred to as “locus directed profiling”. Instead of the primers that were used previously, which target domains that are generally present in all R-genes, we now used primers that are conserved within the family of Rpi-chc1 sequences (Table 2). This way only Rpi-chc1 related genes are expected to be targeted. Genomic DNA from parents and offspring from different populations (SHxRH, 06-882) was digested with either RsaI, HaeIII, AluI or MseI. An adaptor was ligated to the digestion products and using an adaptor primer combined with the Rpi-chc1 family specific primer, multiple fragments of varying molecular weight were created in a PCR reaction. Polymorphic bands were detected in the two populations using the Licor polyacrylamide gelsystem. Polymorphic bands were scored in 40 offspring plants from the SHxRH population and successively the marker segregation patterns were fitted to the UHD map (van Os et al., 2006). 73% of the markers mapped to the long arm of chromosome 10 where the Rpi-chc1 gene is located. Also sequence analysis of the isolated marker fragments showed strong homology to the Rpi-chc1 gene family (Table 4b). Altogether these data show that “locus directed profiling” was a successful approach to generate markers in a specified genomic area. On chromosome 10 three different loci were tagged with high frequency (Table 4A). Interestingly, the first two loci coincided with the map positions of contigs 2203 and 6701, which map to RH10B38-39 and RH10B41-42 respectively. A third group of markers mapped to RH10B54. Interestingly, the

TABLE 3 Sequence distance table derived from alignment Rpi-chc1 with related RGAs from publically accessible databases Percent Similarity in upper triangle Percent Divergence in lower triangle FOM2 ABF81420 ABF81421 BAB44079 CAO40742 CHC B2- CHC B2- Cucumis populus2.pro populus.pro oryza.pro vitis.pro 1.pro 3.pro melo.pro ABF81420 *** 34.4 42.2 40.5 31.5 27.8 32.4 populus2.pro ABF81421 141.4 *** 38.8 39.7 42.2 40.3 43.5 populus.pro BAB44079 114.8 140.4 *** 50.4 34.9 31.2 39.7 oryza.pro CAO40742 120.6 133.5 124.8 *** 37.1 32.5 41.3 vitis.pro CHC B2-1.pro 150.4 126.4 153.9 132.8 *** 78.1 36.7 CHC B2-3.pro 154.9 125.9 150.8 135.3 17.9 *** 33.2 FOM2 151.5 122 160.6 144.8 137.9 136.5 *** Cucumis melo.pro Gpa2.pro 233 240 229 220 253 250 262 AAR29073 126.8 141.8 130.9 104.3 147.5 149.3 144.6 blb1.pro AAX89383 102.5 146 126.6 133.2 156 160.2 158.8 RPS! glycine max.pro R3a.pro 99.3 158 121.6 139 171.9 169.7 175.5 ABF81420 ABF81421 BAB44079 CAO40742 CHC B2- CHC B2- FOM2 populus2.pro populus.pro oryza.pro vitis.pro 1.pro 3.pro Cucumis melo.pro AAX89383 AAR29073 RPS! glycine Gpa2.pro blb1.pro max.pro R3a.pro ABF81420 25.6 36.5 47 45.2 ABF81420 populus2.pro populus2.pro ABF81421 30.4 38.4 34.1 33.1 ABF81421 populus.pro populus.pro BAB44079 35.6 47.1 41.4 40.3 BAB44079 oryza.pro oryza.pro CAO40742 37.1 52.7 39.7 37 CAO40742 vitis.pro vitis.pro CHC B2-1.pro 25.9 34.4 31.9 29.8 CHC B2-1.pro CHC B2-3.pro 22.8 30 27.7 26.2 CHC B2-3.pro FOM2 33.7 42.9 33.6 29.4 FOM2 Cucumis Cucumis melo.pro melo.pro Gpa2.pro *** 41.5 26.5 23.9 Gpa2.pro AAR29073 244 *** 37.5 33.4 AAR29073 blb1.pro blb1.pro AAX89383 230 134.4 *** 40.4 AAX89383 RPS! glycine RPS! glycine max.pro max.pro R3a.pro 234 148 124.8 *** R3a.pro Gpa2.pro AAR29073 AAX89383 R3a.pro blb1.pro RPS! glycine max.pro Rpi-ber1 gene (Park et al., 2008) is in the same marker interval as the RH10B54 cluster. In order to test whether the Rpi-ber gene was potentially a Rpi-chc1 homolog, in population 06-882, 58 Rpi-chc1 locus directed profiling markers were developed. 34 of these markers derived from the resistant parent. 28 of them were linked to resistance (9 in coupling phase, 19 in repulsion phase). 2 coupling phase markers and 7 repulsion phase markers were completely linked to resistance in the first 1771 individuals of the population. This strongly suggests that Rpi-ber is a Rpi-chc1 homolog. Within the 28 linked Rpi-chc1 locus directed profiling markers, four groups of recombination patterns could be distinguished, each group is marked by the name of a representative marker in FIG. 1A. Three marker groups match the RH10B38-39 cluster, one marker group matches the RH10B41-42 cluster. This result confirms our finding from the SHxRH population, that the family of Rpi-chc1 related sequences on chromosome 10 is located in at least two closely linked clusters.

TABLE 4a Map positions in SH and RH genomes of Rpi- chc1 locus directed profiling markers MarkerName SHPosition SHRecFreq RHPosition RHRecFreq LOD R1A2 SH10B016-020 0.894737 5.885886 R2R13 SH10B016-020 0.897436 6.139272 R2R14 SH10B016-020 0.897436 6.139272 F2A4 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 R2A6 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 F2M2 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 F2M3 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 F2M9 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 R1M4 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 R1M10 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 R1M11 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 R1M12 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 R2M2 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 R2M4 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 R2R9 SH10B016-020 0.974359 9.720427 R1R8 SH10B016-020 1 11.43914 R2A8 SH10B016-020 0.047985 RH10B022-026 0.951954 6.746727 R1A4 SH10B022-027 0.087129 RH10B027-041 1 8.351405 R2H5 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.952381 8.250089 F2A1 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 F2A5 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 F2A6 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 F2A7 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 F2A8 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 F2A9 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 F2A10 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R2A3 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 F2M4 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 F2M8 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R1M7 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R1M8 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R2M3 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R2M9 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R2M11 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R2M16 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 F2R1 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R1R1 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R1R2 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R2R5 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R2R10 SH10B016-020 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 8.831465 R1M6 SH10B025-027 0 RH10B027-048 0.954545 9.308586 F2R4 SH10B032-034 0 RH10B027-048 0.857143 5.903571 R1A3 RH10B038-039 0.114286 5.134121 R2H3 RH10B038-039 0.128205 5.253783 R1M3 RH10B038-039 0.078947 6.881108 R1M5 RH10B038-039 0.078947 6.881108 F2A3 RH10B038-039 0.076923 7.146904 R2A2 RH10B038-039 0.076923 7.146904 R2A7 RH10B038-039 0.076923 7.146904 R1H1 RH10B038-039 0.076923 7.146904 R2H4 RH10B038-039 0.076923 7.146904 R2M12 RH10B038-039 0.076923 7.146904 R2M13 RH10B038-039 0.076923 7.146904 R1R9 RH10B038-039 0.076923 7.146904 R2R1 RH10B038-039 0.076923 7.146904 R2R3 RH10B038-039 0.076923 7.146904 R2R2 RH10B041 0.102564 6.139272 R2M7 RH10B041 0.076923 7.146904 R2R8 RH10B041 0.076923 7.146904 F2A14 RH10B042-048 0.076923 7.146904 R2M8 RH10B042-048 0.076923 7.146904 R1R4 RH10B042-048 0.076923 7.146904 R1R5 RH10B042-048 0.076923 7.146904 R1R6 RH10B042-048 0.076923 7.146904 R2R12 RH10B042-048 0.076923 7.146904 R2R15 RH10B042-048 0.076923 7.146904 R1A5 RH10B042-048 0.054054 7.759088 F2M7 SH10B047-049 1 RH10B054 0.125 5.821641 F2A11 SH10B047-049 1 RH10B054 0.055556 6.535189 F2M5 SH10B047-049 1 RH10B054 0.055556 6.535189 R1R7 SH10B047-049 1 RH10B054 0.055556 6.535189 R2R7 SH10B047-049 1 RH10B054 0.055556 6.535189 F2A12 SH10B047-049 0.128205 5.253783 R1M1 RH02B023-025 0.921053 6.881108 R1M2 RH02B023-025 0.078947 6.881108 R1R3 RH04B014-020 0.076923 7.146904 F1R3 RH04B033-039 0.868421 5.013173 R2M14 RH04B033-039 0.974359 9.720427 F2A2 RH07B068-069 0.897436 6.139272 R2A4 SH12B051-058 0.896552 RH12B047-051 1 5.807144 R2R11 SH12B051-058 0.931034 RH12B047-051 1 6.35823 F2H3 SH12B051-058 0.933333 RH12B047-051 1 6.452677 F2M6 SH12B051-058 0.933333 RH12B047-051 1 6.452677 R2M6 SH12B051-058 0.933333 RH12B047-051 1 6.452677 F1R2 SH01B033-034 0.897436 6.139272 F1H5 SH01B033-034 0.078947 6.881108 F1R4 SH01B033-034 0.941176 6.931596 F1H3 SH01B033-034 0.948718 8.314174 F1H4 SH04B024-030 0.102564 6.139272 R2M15 SH04B031-032 0.128205 5.253783 R2A1 SH04B031-032 0.102564 6.139272 R2M1 SH04B031-032 0.102564 6.139272 R2R6 SH07B048-057 0.078947 6.881108 R2M5 SH07B048-057 0.076923 7.146904 F2M1 SH09B049-054 0.897436 6.139272 F2R2 SH09B049-054 0.897436 6.139272

TABLE 4b Sequence homology of Rpi-chc1 locus directed profiling markers derived from SHxRH population Seq. markername length blastx hit F1R5 180 F1R6 185 F1R7 F1R8 225 ref|YP_514854.1 ribosomal protein S4 type F1R9 230 NBS-LRR type F2A1 180 gb|ABB91438.1| R-FOM-2 (Cucumis melo), NBS-LRR type F2A2 225 gb|ABB91438.1| R-FOM-2 (Cucumis melo), NBS-LRR type F2A3 119 F2R1 F2R2 F2R4 145 F2R6 424 NBS-LRR type F2R7 R1A1 305 gb|ABB91438.1| R-FOM-2 (Cucumis melo), NBS-LRR type R1A2 495 No significant similarity found R1R10 700 gb|AAS80152.1| FOM-2 (Cucumis melo), NBS-LRR type R1R11 461 NBS domain resistance protein R1R2 R1R3 R1R5 515 emb|CAD29726.1| hero resist. Prot. 2 homologue NBS-LRR type R1R6 510 emb|CAD29726.1| hero resist. Prot. 2 homologue NBS-LRR type R1R7 570 No significant similarity found R1R8 700 gb|AAS80152.1| FOM-2 (Cucumis melo), NBS-LRR type R2A1 R2A2 R2A3 emb|CAN82053.1| hypothetical protein (Vitis vinifera), NBS-LRR type R2A4 dbj|BAB44079.1| putative NBS-LRR type (Oryza sativa), NBS-LRR type R2R10 R2R12 dbj|BAB44079.1| putative NBS-LRR type (Oryza sativa), NBS-LRR type R2R13 dbj|BAB44079.1| putative NBS-LRR type (Oryza sativa), NBS-LRR type R2R14 dbj|BAB44079.1| putative NBS-LRR type (Oryza sativa), NBS-LRR type R2R15 emb|CAN82053.1| hypothetical protein (Vitis vinifera), NBS-LRR type R2R16 No significant similarity found R2R17 emb|CAN82053.1| hypothetical protein (Vitis vinifera), NBS-LRR type R2R2 emb|CAN82053.1| hypothetical protein (Vitis vinifera), NBS-LRR type R2R3 emb|CAN82053.1| hypothetical protein (Vitis vinifera), NBS-LRR type R2R4 emb|CAN82053.1| hypothetical protein (Vitis vinifera), NBS-LRR type R2R5 emb|CAN82053.1| hypothetical protein (Vitis vinifera), NBS-LRR type R2R6 emb|CAN82053.1| hypothetical protein (Vitis vinifera), NBS-LRR type R2R7 emb|CAN82053.1| hypothetical protein (Vitis vinifera), NBS-LRR type R2R9 emb|CAN82053.1| hypothetical protein (Vitis vinifera), NBS-LRR type

In a different population (7677) deriving from S. berthaultii accession 493-7 an NBS profile marker generated with the previously described NBS5a6 primer was found to be closely linked to Phytophthora resistance in this population. It mapped to the telomeric site relative to TG403 on the long arm of chromosome 10 (FIG. 6). Sequence analysis of this fragment revealed high homology to members of the Rpi-chc1 family. All together these results show that at least four, genetically different, Rpi-chc1 like clusters are present on chromosome 10. This is similar to the situation on the long arm of chromosome 9, where three different Tm2-2 related clusters were identified (Foster et al., 2009; Pel et al., 2009).

Plant Material and Phytophthora infestans Isolates

In this study we used four late blight resistant clones TAR852-5 (deriving from CGN22729), BER94-2031-01 (deriving from PI473331), BER481-3 (deriving from CGN18190) BER493-7 (deriving from CGN17823), CHC543-5 (deriving from BGRC63055). CHC543-5 was crossed with CHC544-5 to produce population 7650. BER94-2031-01 was crossed with the susceptible clone G254 to generate population 06-882. BER493-7 was crossed with RH89-039-16 to produce population 7677. Potato cultivar Desiree was used for transformation. Wild-type Nicotiana benthamiana plants were used for transient complementation assays.

Characteristics and origin of P. infestans isolates used in this study are indicated in Table 5.

BAC Library Construction

Clone CHC543-5 was used as a DNA source for the construction of the BAC libraries. High-molecular weight DNA preparation and BAC library construction were carried out as described by (Rouppe van der Voort et al., 1999). For the first library pCC1BAC backbone was used. For the second library pIndigoBAC-5 was used, both from Epicenter. Approximately 22.000 clones with an average insert size of ˜70 Kbp, corresponding to 1 genome equivalents, were obtained for library 1, and approximately 110.000 clones with an average insert size of ˜45 Kbp, corresponding to 3 genome equivalents, were obtained for library 2. The BAC clones were stored as bacterial pools containing approximately 700 to 1000 white colonies. These were generated by scraping the colonies from the agar plates and successive resuspension into LB medium containing 18% glycerol and 12.5 μg ml⁻¹ chloramphenicol using a sterile glass spreader. These so-called super pools were stored at −80° C. Marker screening of the BAC libraries was done, first by isolating plasmid DNA from each pool using the standard alkaline lysis protocol and PCR was carried out to identify positive pools. Bacteria corresponding to positive pools were diluted and plated on LB agar plate containing chloramphenicol (12.5 μg ml⁻¹). Individual white colonies were picked into 384-well microtitre plates and single positive BAC clones were subsequently identified by marker screening as described by (Rouppe van der Voort et al., 1999). Names of BAC clones isolated from the super pools carry the prefix CHC and are extended with a number (B1 and B2), corresponding to the order in which they were identified.

Subcloning of Candidate Genes

Longrange PCR

Candidate RGAs were subcloned from BAC clone CHC B2 as follows. Primers were designed approximately 3 kb upstream of the predicted start codon and approximately 700 bp downstream of the predicted stop codon. (CHC B2-1F=MN459:

tgaccctgcaggGGACCCCTTAACAAGTGATGTG, CHC B2-1R = MN462:  tgacggcgcgccAAAAAGTCCCGCTTTGATACC, CHC B2-2F = MN483:  tgaccctgcaggCCCCTTAACAAGTGATGTGATG, CHC B2-2R = MN484:  tgacggcgcgccTCAGGTTCCCTTACAAGATTCC, CHC B2-3F = MN479:  tgaccctgcaggACGCATCAGGAAGAGAGGAG, CHC B2-3R = MN480:  tgacggcgcgccGCGGTTCCTCTGTGAAACAC) DNA Sequencing and Computer Analysis

BAC clone sequencing was performed using a shotgun cloning strategy of 2 kb and 6 kb libraries and was carried out by Macrogen (South-Korea). Sequencing reactions were performed using the dye terminator principle. Sequence contigs were assembled by Macrogen. Gap closing was done using primer walking on shotgun clones or directly on the BAC.

The contig sequences were analyzed using the web-based application FGENESH (Softberry) in order to predict gene structure. RGAs and RGAs from publically accessible databases were aligned for homology and distance analysis using the DNA star software package (Lasergene). Conserved domains were identified using the web-based application SMART (EMBL)

Resistance Assay

Detached leaf assays were used to determine the resistance phenotypes of primary transformants and N. benthamiana leaves. For the phenotyping of the CHC population isolate 90128 was used. For the phenotyping of the ber population, isolate IPO-C was used. The resistance spectra of the resistant parents was determined using the isolates described in Table 5. Inoculum preparation and inoculation were performed as described by (Vleeshouwers et al., 1999). Six days after inoculation, plant phenotypes were determined. Leaves showing no symptoms or a localized necrosis at the point of inoculation were scored as resistant and those with clear sporulating lesions as susceptible.

Transient Complementation in N. benthamiana

Agrobacterium transient transformation assays (agro-infiltration) were carried out on N. benthamiana. Recombinant A. tumefaciens AGL1+ cultures were grown in LB medium (10 gram bacteriological peptone, 10 gram NaCl and 5 gram yeast extract in 1 liter MQ water) supplemented with 5 mg/l Tetracycline and 50 mg/l Kanamycin for the pBINplus constructs. After one or two days a calculated amount of culture (according to OD 0.5 at 600 nm) was transferred to YEB medium (5 gram beef extract, 5 gram bacteriological peptone, 5 gram sucrose, 1 gram yeast extract, 2 ml 1 M MgSO4 in 1 liter MQ water) supplemented with Kanamycin for all strains. After 1 day overnight cells were centrifuged at 3500 rpm and re-suspended in MMA medium (20 gram sucrose, 5 gram MS salts and 1.95 gram MES) supplemented with 1 ml 200 mM acetosyringone to a final OD of 0.2 and infiltrated into 4 weeks old plants with a 3 ml syringe. Infiltrated leaves were subsequently challenged after two days with P. infestans strain 90128 in detached leaf assays (DLA). Hypersensitive response (HR) or P. infestans sporulation were scored from 5 to 7 days post inoculation.

Example 2 Rpi-chc1 is a Functional Resistance Gene Against Phytophthora infestans

Methods

Plant Material and Phytophthora infestans Isolates

In this study we used 225 Solanum plants, their names as used in this study and accession numbers are listed in Table 7. Nine late blight resistant plants were used for the isolation of functional homologs of Rpi-chc1 (tar852-5, ber94-2031-01 which derives from PI473331, ber481-3, ber493-5, -7, -9, chc543-5, ber324-2, ber487-1, ber561-2, and scr849-1). CHC543-5 was crossed with CHC544-5 to produce population 7650. BER94-2031-01 was crossed with the susceptible clone G254 to generate population 06-882. BER493-7 was crossed with RH89-039-16 to produce population 7677. Potato cultivar Desiree was used for transformation. Wild-type Nicotiana benthamiana plants were used for transient complementation assays.

Characteristics and origin of P. infestans isolates used in this study are indicated in Table 5.

Cloning of Candidate Genes

Rpi-chc1 homologs were PCR amplified using the long range high fidelity thermostable DNA polymerase Phusion® according to the manufacturer's instructions (New England Biolabs). Primers were designed, overlapping the start and stop codons of Rpi-chc1 and contained AttB1 and AttB2 extensions (MN595 and MN597, Table 8). PCR products were recombined into pDONR221 using BP Clonase® according to manufacturer's instructions (InVitroGen). DNA sequencing was performed at Baseclear (The Netherlands) using standard and custom primers (MN622-MN650, Table 8). Sequences were analyzed and aligned for homology and phylogeny analysis using the DNA star software package (Lasergene).

Promoter Terminator Constructs

In order to produce clones containing the promoter and terminator of Rpi-chc1 for construction of triple point gateway application mediated expression constructs, specific primers were designed (MN598, MN599, MN600, MN601, MN670; Table 8) matching the Rpi-chc1 promoter and terminator sequences, to which AttB4, AttB1 and AttB2, AttB3 recombination sites were added, respectively. PCR products were generated using the long range high fidelity thermostable DNA polymerase Phusion® according to the manufacturer's instructions. PCR products were recombined using BP Clonase®. The occurrence of PCR errors was ruled out using sequence analysis of the resulting clones using primers MN651 and 652 as listed in Table 8. Triple point gateway reactions were performed using these constructs and ORF sequences in pDONR221 by LR clonase.

Resistance Assay

Detached leaf assays were used to determine the resistance phenotypes of primary transformants and N. benthamiana leaves. For the phenotyping of the CHC transgenics isolate 90128 was used. For the phenotyping of the Rpi-chc1 homologs in N. benthamiana, isolate IPO-C was used. Inoculum preparation and inoculation were performed as described by Vleeshouwers et al., 1999. Six days after inoculation, plant phenotypes were determined. Leaves showing no symptoms or a localized necrosis at the point of inoculation were scored as resistant and those with clear sporulating lesions as susceptible.

Transient Complementation in N. benthamiana

Agrobacterium transient transformation assays (agro-infiltration) were carried out on N. benthamiana. Recombinant A. tumefaciens COR308 cultures were grown in LB medium (10 gram bacteriological peptone, 10 gram NaCl and 5 gram yeast extract in 1 liter MQ water) supplemented with 5 mg/l tetracycline and 50 mg/l kanamycin for the pBINplus constructs. After one or two days a calculated amount of culture (according to OD 0.5 at 600 nm) was transferred to YEB medium (5 gram beef extract, 5 gram bacteriological peptone, 5 gram sucrose, 1 gram yeast extract, 2 ml 1 M MgSO₄ in 1 liter MQ water) supplemented with kanamycin for all strains. After 1 day overnight cells were centrifuged at 3500 rpm and re-suspended in MMA medium (20 gram sucrose, 5 gram MS salts and 1.95 gram MES) supplemented with 1 ml 200 mM acetosyringone to a final OD of 0.2 and infiltrated into 4 weeks old plants with a 3 ml syringe. Infiltrated leaves were subsequently challenged after two days with P. infestans strain 90128 in detached leaf assays (DLA). Hypersensitive response (HR) or P. infestans sporulation were scored from 5 to 7 days post inoculation.

Co-Infiltration

A set of 90 effectors was present in Agrobacterium tumefaciens COR308 in a PVX plasmid (PEX set). The binary plasmids contain an effector from Pi cloned inside the PVX genome. Upon agro-infiltration both effector and PVX will be expressed. Within the time course of the experiment PVX cannot spread systemically and we are only interested in the local expression of the effector. Upon recognition of the encoded effector by the R-gene, an HR can be observed between 3 and 5 dpi. PVX symptoms are visible after 6 days and are generally first observed in non-infiltrated leaves.

As a positive control we used R3a and Avr3a-KI, an R-gene—Avr-gene combination which is known to give a strong response (Armstrong et al., 2005). Screening with the Rpi-chc1 candidate showed necrotic spots with two potential effectors genes RD12-1 and RD12-2 (FIG. 8).

In the previous example we described the map based cloning of the Rpi-chc1 gene from Solanum chacoense accession 543-5. Rpi-chc1 is the founder of a previously undescribed R gene family of the CC-NB-LRR class and is located on chromosome 10 near marker TG63. The gene was present in a gene cluster with five homologs. Genetic analysis revealed that only three of these homologs (CHC B2-1, CHC B2-2, and CHC B2-3 could potentially encode Rpi-chc1. Transient complementation analysis in N. benthamiana suggested that CHC B2-3 was the active copy.

In this experiment we show by stable transformation of the susceptible cv. Desiree that indeed CHC B2-3 could complement the Phytophthora infestans (Pi) susceptibility (FIG. 8). This result supports our previous suggestion that CHC B2-3 is Rpi-chc1. Also this result shows that Rpi-chc1 can be functional in a broad spectrum of Solanaceous species, such as S. chacoense and N. benthamiana but also in S. tuberosum.

Rpi-chc1 Specifically Recognizes an RXLR Effector Protein.

In order to understand the activity spectrum of Rpi-chc1, it was investigated which component of Pi was recognized. Until now all Pi components being recognized by host R-proteins are effectors of the RXLR class. Pi isolate T30-4 is a-virulent on plants expressing Rpi-chc1 and therefore the cognate component must be expressed in this isolate. Recently the genome of T30-4 was sequenced and its genome appears to encode hundreds of RXLR effectors (Haas et al., 2009). Sixty-five RXLR effectors comprising all known Avr's (Avr1, Avr2, Avr3a, Arv4, Avr-blb1, Avr-blb2) and also a few non RXLR effectors (Inf1, PiNIP) effectors were cloned into the plant expression vector pGR106 and are referred to as the PEX set (Vleeshouwers et al., 2008). The PEX set was screened by co-agro-infiltration with Rpi-chc1 in N. benthamiana. This way both the selected effector and the Rpi-chc1 gene are expressed in the same cells. In case the effector is recognized by Rpi-chc1 it will induce a hypersensitive response (HR) and will result in a necrotic lesion in the infiltrated area of the leaf. This phenomenon was well described for the co-infiltration of R3a and Avr3a (Armstrong et al., 2005) which was included in our experiments as a positive control (FIG. 9). Leaf areas that were agro-infiltrated with Rpi-chc1 alone remained green which showed that Rpi-chc1 in itself did not induce cell death. Also co-infiltration with the previously described Avr's (Avr1, Avr2, Avr3a, Arv4, Avr-blb1, Avr-blb2) did not induce HR, which showed that Rpi-chc1 recognizes a new component of Pi and that it has a unique way of inducing resistance. On the other hand some effectors in the PEX set produced an Rpi-chc1 independent hypersensitive response (FIG. 9 leaf C). There were, however also two clones in the PEX set that only showed an Rpi-chc1 dependent cell death (FIG. 9 leaf B). Both clones (RD12-1 and RD12-2) were highly homologous to each other and in fact encoded identical proteins. RD31, that encodes a protein with 60% identity to RD12 was not recognized (FIG. 9 leaf A), showing that recognition by Rpi-chc1 was quite specific. In order to test the specificity of recognition on the R-gene side, RD12 was co-infiltrated with Rpi-blb1, Rpi-blb3 and R3a. Also the Rpi-chc1 paralogs CHC B2-1 and CHC B2-2 (see Example 1), which showed 78% and 83% identity, respectively, at the amino acid level to Rpi-chc1, were tested by co-infiltration. None of these R-genes or R-gene paralogs produced a hypersensitive response upon co-infiltration with RD12 (data not shown). These results clearly showed that Rpi-chc1 could specifically recognize Pi component RD12. RD12 (=PITG_16245 has several paralogs in the Pi genome (PITG_16418, PITG_16427, PITG_16233, PITG_16240, PITG_20934, PITG_20936, PITG_20336, and PITG_23230), of which the sequences are given below.

PITG_16245 MATATVLVQSPASGLTTTVADTAQTATSILTPVLAGEP KNHVTTRSLRTHPIADSDDGEERLLNGMTDFVKYHAGK MNPEQLYKYLKLQGRGQEAYKHKNYASYIKKSKKWWK PITG_16418 MATATVLVQSPASGLTTTVADTAQTATSILTPVLAGEP NKHVTTRSLRTHPIADSDDGEERLLNGMTDFVKYHAGK MNPEQLYKYLKLQGRGQEAYKHKNYASYIKKSKKWWKN Q PITG_16427 MRVLCLALMATATVLVPSPASGLTTTVADTAQTATSIL TPVLAGEPNKHVTTRSLRTHPIADSDDGEERLLNGMTD FVKYHAGKMNPEQLYKYLKLQGRGQEAYKHKNYASYIK KSKKWWKNQ PITG_16233 MRVLCLALMATATVLVQSPASGLTTTVADTAQTATSIL TPVLAGEPNKHVATRSLRTHPIDDSDDGEERLLNGMTD FFKYHAGKMSPEQLYKYLNLKGLGQEAYKHKNYASYIK KSKKWWKNQ PITG_16240 MRVLCLALMATATVLVQSPASGLTTTVADTAQTATSIL TPVLAGEPNKHVATRSLRTHPIDDSDDGEERLLNGMTD FFKYHAGKMSPEQLYKYLNLKGLGQEAYKHKNYASYIK KSKKWWKNQ PITG_20934 MRVLCLALMATATVLVPSPASGLTTTVADTAQTATSIL TPVLAGEPNKHVATRSLRTHPIDDSDDGEERLLNGMTD FFKYHAGKMSPEQLYKYLNLKGLGQEAYKHKNYASYIK KSKKWWKNQ PITG_20936 MRVLCLALMATATVLVPSPASGLTTTVADTAQTATSIL TPVLAGEPNKHVATRSLRTHPIDDSDDGEERLLNGMTD FFKYHAGKMSPEQLYKYLNLKGLGQEAYKHKNYASYIK KSKKWWKNQ PITG_20336 MRVLCLALMATATVLVPSPASGLTTTVADTAQTATSIL TPVLAGEPNKHVATRSLRTHPIDDSDDGEERLLNGMTD FFKYHAGK PITG_23230 MRVLCLALMATATVLVPSPASGLTTTVADTAQTATSIL TPVLAGEPNKHVATRSLRTHPIDDSDDGEERL

It cannot be excluded that also these paralogs are recognized by Rpi-chc1 in the interaction with Pi. Neither can it be ruled out that additional unrelated Pi components can be recognized since dual specificity R-genes have been described (Jones and Dangl, 2006).

Promotor Requirement for Rpi-chc1 Expression

In order to determine which regulatory sequences were most suited to drive the expression of the open reading frames of Rpi-chc1, we used the strategy described before (Lokossou et al., 2009) in which the candidate ORFs are cloned in between the desired promoters and terminators using a triple point gateway strategy. The Rpi-chc1 ORF was cloned in between its own 3 kb promoter and 0.5 kb terminator (p-chc1-long) which were also present in the initial complementation analyses as presented in FIG. 8. In addition, Rpi-chc1 ORF was cloned in between three alternative promoter/terminator combinations. A shorter version (0.8 kb) of its own promoter and its own 0.6 kb terminator (p-chc1-short); the double 35S promoter in pMDC32, and the Rpi-blb3 promoter/terminator combination (Lokossou et al., 2009). In order to test which was the optimal promoter terminator combination, the four Rpi-chc1 constructs were transformed to AGL-1+virG, cultures were mixed 1:1 with A. tumefaciens COR308 containing PEX-RD12. Serial dilutions in MMA medium were infiltrated in the leaves of N. benthamiana (FIG. 10). The p-chc1-long construct induced HR in mixtures with RD12 of OD₆₀₀ 2.0 and 1.0. The p-chc1-short construct also expressed HR in a two fold lower concentration (OD₆₀₀=0.5). Remarkably, the 35S and Rpi-blb3 promoter/terminator constructs were not suitable for functional expression of the Rpi-chc1 gene. These results show that the promoter of Rpi-chc1 is functionally distinct from the other promoters tested. Furthermore, it is concluded that sequences upstream (<−900 bp) in the Rpi-chc1 promoter contain inhibitory elements for expression.

Germplasm Screen for Rpi-chc1 Like Sequences

To further support the suggestion that Rpi-chc1 can be active in a wide range of Solanum species and also study divergence of the Rpi-chc1 allele sequence and activity in the germplasm we screened 225 genotypes (Table 7) from our germplasm collection for the presence of Rpi-chc1 related sequences using a sequence alignment of the active Rpi-chc1 and several related sequences identified in the initial application that were derived from RH89-039-16 and from the inactive paralogs in chc543-5. Primer pairs (Table 8) were designed in such a way that only the active copy was predicted to be amplified by PCR. As shown in FIG. 11A, primer combinations D and E were highly specific since PCR products were observed only in reactions that contained the Rpi-chc1 template and no amplification was found from the templates that contained closely related sequences. Primer combinations D and E were used to screen the recombinants in the finemapping population (n=2400) of S. chacoense and S. berthaultii (n=2600; Rpi-ber; accession P1265858; 94-2031*G254) in which Pi resistance is segregating. No recombinants were found between the marker and the resistance in either population (data not shown). This showed that both markers are highly specific. Also this showed that the Rpi-ber gene is related to Rpi-chc1 and that Rpi-chc1 derived molecular markers can be used to tag these resistance genes.

Genotype chc543-5, from which Rpi-chc1 was isolated, is located in taxonomic group 10-14 (Jacobs et al., 2008). In order to screen for other Rpi-chc1 homologous sequences, 225 genotypes in our germplasm collection (Table 7) located in taxonomic groups 10-12 till 10-17 were selected. DNA integrity was confirmed using Ef1-α PCR (data not shown) and successively primer combination D was used to screen for Rpi-chc1 related sequences. Six genotypes were found to be positive in this screen (FIG. 11B). First of all chc543-5 was found, which confirmed the robustness of the screen. Besides, five other genotypes were identified amongst which S. berthaultii plants 324-2, 481-3 and 561-2, confirming the previous suggestion that Rpi-chc1 and Rpi-ber are very related. Also two other species were tagged, S. tarijense (852-5) and S. sucrense (849-1).

Rpi-chc1 Homolog Mining

In order to further characterize functional and sequence conservation or divergence of Rpi-chc1 we set out to clone the open reading frames from the plants that were positive in the germplasm screen and in addition from plants known to contain resistance genes on chromosome 10 (described in FIG. 6). Primers overlapping the start- and the stopcodon of Rpi-chc1 were designed and attB1 and AttB2 extensions were added for BP cloning into pDONR221. PCR reactions using the proofreading polymerase Phusion® resulted in specific products for all selected genotypes. These PCR fragments were cloned and for each genotype six colonies were selected and end sequenced. Some genotypes produced only one sequence type and for those genotypes we concluded that only one target gene was amplified. For genotypes with two or more sequence types an additional 16 colonies were end sequenced and grouped. From each sequence group three clones were fully sequenced using Rpi-chc1 derived internal primers. This resulted in the identification of 21 new Rpi-chc1 like sequences (FIG. 13A-T). The encoded protein sequences were aligned using clustal-W together with previously identified Rpi-chc1 homologs (FIG. 14A-AQ). This resulted in the phylogenetic tree as presented in FIG. 12. From chc543-5 we isolated two sequence types. The first type was identical to Rpi-chc1. The second sequence type located in a different clade (clade 1 in FIG. 12) with multiple sequences, all deriving from S. berthaultii plants, showing that this approach was successful in identifying Rpi-chc1 homologs. Four genotypes yielded only one sequence type 849-1, RH89-39-16, 487-1 and 94-2031-1. The first three located to the same clade (clade 2 in FIG. 12). RH89-39-16 sequences RH_D3, D4, and D7 were identical to each other and showed two nucleotide mismatches with RH137D14 c13-2, a sequence that was generated during construction of the RH physical map in the initial application. Both sequences located to clade 2 which also contained S. sucrense sequences 849-1_M8, M18, and M20, and also S. berthaultii sequences 487-1, 14, 16 and I8 was M20. In addition S. tarijense 852-5_E3 was present in clade 2. Because RH89-39-16 is susceptible to Pi infection, it is suggested that these sequences represent inactive homologs. Two other sequences isolated from S. tarijense 852-5 located in clade 3 which also harboured the Rpi-chc1 gene. Furthermore, three sequences from S. berthaultii plants 94-2031-1, 561-2, 324-2 were found in this clade which showed only minor sequence deviation and encoded identical aminoacid sequences. Clade 4 contained only sequences from S. berthaultii plants. Clade 5 contained only sequences that were identified before as also was the case in the remaining group, referred to as group 6. Clades 1 till 4 had a 45 a.a. N-terminal extension of the encoded protein as compared to proteins in clade 5 and group 6. Sequences in clade 2, 3 and 5 mapped to the R-gene cluster within 0.1 cM to TG63. No sequences in clades 1 and 4 have been genetically mapped. Comparison with the newly available S. phureja genome sequence revealed that sequences from clade 1 till 5 had closest homologs in the TG63 cluster. Comparison to the tomato genome revealed that also here an Rpi-chc1 cluster near TG63 existed. As shown before, at this genetic location the Pi resistance gene Ph-2 was mapped. Some tomato plants, that were sequenced did not carry the Ph-2 resistance gene but a potential inactive allele could be present (FIG. 13A-T). Group 6 sequences had closest homology to a related R-gene cluster near TG403 on chromosome 10, an area where we also mapped Pi resistance (see FIG. 6), showing that also Rpi-chc1 homologous sequences from this cluster potentially encode Pi resistance.

Functional Analysis of Rpi-chc1 Homologs

Now we have identified 21 new Rpi-chc1 homologs and we have shown sequence diversification, the question arises if functionality is conserved or diversified among those sequences. All identified sequences, which are ORFs, were subcloned using triple point gateway recombination under the control of the Rpi-chc1-short promoter and the Rpi-chc1 terminator in the binary vector pDEST236. Based on the results in FIG. 10, this was considered the best constellation to drive the expression of the mined Rpi-chc1 homologs. Successively, the constructs were transformed into A. tumefaciens strain COR308 for transient complementation assays in N. benthamiana. Alternatively, for co-expression with the cognate Pi effector RD12, the Rpi-chc1 homologs were transformed into A. tumefaciens strain AGL1+virG. Both experiments are complementary since the transient complementation assay could show whether a Rpi-chc1 could induce resistance, the co-infiltration could indicate the recognition specificity of the gene. All experiments were repeated at least twice and the results are summarized in Table 9. Several combinations of RD12 responsiveness and IPO-C resistance can be observed. Two clear groups can be distinguished. A first group is not responsive to RD12 and is susceptible to IPO-C (group 1; Table 9). These sequences are inactive homologs and mainly locate in phylogenetic clade 1 (FIG. 12). The second group (group 2; Table 9) are functional homologs of Rpi-chc1 since they are actively inducing resistance against Pi and they recognize the same Pi component (RD12). The sequences of this group are also clearly distinct from the other sequences since they all locate in clade 3 (FIG. 12). S. tarijense 852-5 clone E28 induces HR in the absence of RD12 and is in that sense unique in its activity pattern and constitutes activity group 3. Since it does not induce resistance it is most likely an inactive allele. Another allele from the same plant (clone E14) does not recognize RD12 but does induce strong resistance. Activity group 4 is therefore distinct from group 2 because it most likely recognizes a different component from Pi. Activity group 5 is quite similar to group 4; the only difference is that disease resistance is not that strong. This suggests that also group 5 recognizes different components from Pi and will have a different resistance spectrum. The last group (Group 6) is distinct because RD12 is only weakly recognised and also resistance is weak. Summarising, these data show that the closest related Rpi-chc1 homologs have a conserved resistance mechanism, while less related sequences have a more diversified resistance mechanism. Altogether, these data show that multiple members of the Rpi-chc1 gene family, with different extents of similarity, are functional in providing resistance again Pi.

TABLE 5 Characteristics of P. infestans isolates used in this study, and their interaction with chc, ber and tar accessions. Isolate Country of Phenotype Phenotype Phenotype Phenotype ID Collection origin Race 543-5 481-3 94-2031 852-5 EC1^(a) Ecuador 3.4.7.11 R R R R 3128-A SCRI R R nd R 51368 PHYTO R R R R 80029 PHYTO R R nd R 88069 SCRI R R R R 88133 PHYTO R R R R 89094 PHYTO R R R R 91011 PHYTO R R R R 99177 Kessel, 1999, 2.7 R R R R PRI, WUR Metepec, (Flier et Mexico al., 2002) 99183 Kessel, 1999, 1.3.7 R R S R PRI, WUR Metepec, (Flier et Mexico al., 2002) 99189 Kessel, 1999, 1.3.4.7.8.10 R R nd R PRI, WUR Metepec, (Flier et Mexico al., 2002) CA-65 SCRI R R nd R EC3364 PHYTO R R R R EC3425 PBR R R R R IPO-0(87000) Kessel, Netherlands 0 R R R R PRI, WUR NL05-194 PHYTO R nd S S SC95.173.2 SCRI R R R R SC96.9.5.1 SCRI R R R R UK7818 PHYTO R R R R UK7824 PHYTO R R R R US580 PHYTO R R R R 90128^(a,b) PHYTO 1990, 1.3.4.7.8.11 R R R R Geldrop, The Netherlands H30P04^(a) The 7 R R R R Netherlands IPO-C^(a) Kessel, 1990, 1.2.3.4.6.7.10.11 R R R R PRI, WUR Belgium ^(a)host potato, ^(b)mating type A1 R is resitant, S is susceptible, nd is not determined

TABLE 6 R-genes and quantitative trait loci for late blight resistance reported for wild Solanum species Locus type Also known Wild species or name as Chromosome cloned Reference S. berthaultii QTLs (4) I, III, VII and XI Rpi-ber X (Rauscher et al., 2006) Rpi-ber1 X (Park et al.) Rpi-ber2 X (Park et al.) S. bulbocastanum RB/Rpi-blb1 RB VIII yes (Song et al., 2003; van der Vossen et al., 2003) Rpi-blb2 VI yes Van der Vossen et al. 2005 Rpi-blb3 IV yes (Park et al., 2005a) S. caripense QTL (2) unassigned S. demissum R1 V yes (Ballvora et al., 2002) R2 IV yes (Park et al., 2005b) R3, R6, R7 XI R3a XI yes (Huang et al., 2005) R3b XI R5-R11 XI R10, R11 XI (Bradshaw et al., 2006) S. microdontum QTLs (3) IV, V and X (Tan et al., 2008) QTL Unassigned S. mochiquense Rpi-mcq1 (Rpi-moc1) IX yes S. papita Rpi-pta1 VIII yes (Vleeshouwers et al., 2008) S. paucissectum QTLs (3) X, XI and XII S. phureja Rpi-phu1 IX S. pinnatisectum Rpi-pnt1 (Rpi1) VII (Kuhl et al., 2001) S. stoloniferum Rpi-sto1 VIII yes (Wang et al., 2008) S. venturii Rpi-vnt1.1 Rpi-phu1 IX yes Foster et al. 2009 Rpi-vnt1.3 IX yes Pel et al. 2009 S. vernei QTLs VI, VIII, IX (several) Hybrids with Rpi-abpt IV yes Lokosou et al. 2009 S. tuberosum R2-like IV yes (Park et al., 2005b)

TABLE 7 Genotypes screened for Rpi-chc1 related sequences. Taxonomic groups refer to regrouping of Solanum section petota by (Jacobs el al., 2008) tree tree GENOTYPE main sub code group group species, accesssion nr   4-11 10 12 arnezii PI545880  98-1 10 12 yungasense PI614703 109-1 10 16 aracc-papa GLKS82 110-1 10 16 aracc-papa GLKS81 110-4 10 16 111-1 10 12 arnezii GLKS2832 114-5 10 16 astleyi GLKS2836 123-2 10 16 candolleanum GLKS2175 142-4 10 17 curtilobum GLKS5346 144-3 10 16 doddsii GLKS2882 144-5 10 16 doddsii GLKS2882 165-2 10 16 species GLKS1512 171-2 10 16 187-2 10 17 morelliforme BGRC7200 194-1 10 17 ochranthum BGRC53684 194-3 10 17 ochranthum BGRC53684  194-22 10 17 species BGRC53684  194-23 10 17 species BGRC53684  194-25 10 17 species BGRC53684 200-4 10 17 phureja GLKS1467 201-3 10 17 phureja BGRC15481 203-2 10 17 phureja GLKS1455 220-2 10 17 stenotomum goniocalyx GLKS2703 224-1 10 14 tarijense BGRC18324 235-1 10 17 tuberosum andigena GLKS5027 240-2 10 17 tuberosum andigena CPC3121E 243-1 10 17 tuberosum andigena GLKS4737 246-3 10 12 tundalomense GLKS2343 248-5 10 16 ugentii GLKS2887 257-3 10 14 alandiae BGRC10057 263-1 10 12 chacoense CPC5901 270-1 10 14 gandarillasii CPC7044 280-1 10 12 neocardenasii CPC7208 280-4 10 12 281-1 10 16 neorossii CPC6047 281-2 10 16 296-1 10 17 stenotomum CPC4741 322-3 10 14 berthaultii CGN20644 322-5 10 14 berthaultii CGN20644 322-6 10 14 berthaultii CGN20644 323-2 10 14 berthaultii CGN20650 323-3 10 14 berthaultii CGN20650 324-2 10 14 berthaultii CGN18042 338-1 10 14 chacoense CGN18248 338-2 10 14 chacoense CGN18248 346-2 10 14 gandarillasii CGN20560 347-2 10 13 gourlayi CGN17851 347-9 10 13 gourlayi CGN17851 351-8 10 16 hondelmannii CGN18106 352-2 10 16 hondelmannii CGN18182 352-6 10 16 hondelmannii CGN18182 352-8 10 16 hondelmannii CGN18182 357-5 10 16 leptophyes CGN18140 357-6 10 16 leptophyes CGN18140 356-8 10 16 leptophyes CGN18174 371-1 10 17 phureja CGN17667 371-7 10 17 phureja CGN17667 372-8 10 17 phureja CGN18301 381-4 10 16 raphanifolium CGN17753 384-2 10 16 sparsipilum CGN18154 384-5 10 16 sparsipilum CGN18154 382-2 10 16 sparsipilum CGN18225 382-5 10 16 sparsipilum CGN18225 383-2 10 16 sparsipilum CGN18230 383-3 10 16 sparsipilum CGN18230 383-4 10 16 sparsipilum CGN18230 383-5 10 16 391-1 10 16 sucrense CGN18205 391-3 10 16 sucrense CGN18205 391-6 10 16 sucrense CGN18205 392-1 10 12 tarijense CGN17861 392-6 10 12 tarijense CGN17861 392-8 10 12 tarijense CGN17861 416-1 10 16 species CGN20580 454-3 10 17 ajanhuiri CGN22389 455-1 10 16 alandiae CGN22349 457-5 10 14 alandiae BGRC28490 458-1 10 14 alandiae CGN20651 458-5 10 14 alandiae CGN20651 470-1 10 17 andreanum CGN17679 470-3 10 17 chacoense CGN17679 471-1 10 12 arnezii BGRC27309 472-3 10 16 astleyi CGN18207 475-4 10 16 astleyi CGN18211  475-22 10 16 astleyi CGN18211  478-25 10 16 avilesii CGN18256 477-1 10 16 avilesii CGN18255 477-4 10 16 avilesii CGN18255 477-5 10 16 brevicaule 478-2 10 16 avilesii CGN18256 494-3 10 14 berthaultii CGN18118 481-3 10 14 berthaultii CGN18190 483-1 10 14 berthaultii CGN20636 483-3 10 14 berthaultii CGN20636 486-2 10 14 berthaultii CGN22716 486-3 10 14 berthaultii CGN22716 487-1 10 14 berthaultii CGN20645 487-8 10 14 berthaultii CGN20645 488-1 10 14 berthaultii CGN18246 488-2 10 14 berthaultii CGN18246 489-1 10 14 berthaultii BGRC28496 491-1 10 14 berthaultii CGN22727 493-5 10 14 berthaultii CGN17823 493-7 10 14 berthaultii CGN17823 493-9 10 14 496-1 10 16 505-4 10 16 brevicaule CGN17841 509-1 10 16 brevicaule CGN22321 509-2 10 16 brevicaule CGN22321  544-11 10 14 chacoense CGN18365 550-3 10 12 chacoense BGRC24528 550-4 10 12 chacoense BGRC24528 543-1 10 14 chacoense BGRC63055 543-5 10 14 545-1 10 12 chacoense CGN17702 547-1 10 12 548-1 10 12 chacoense CGN18294 548-2 10 12 chacoense CGN18294 544-1 10 14 chacoense CGN18365 544-5 10 14 561-2 10 14 berthaultii BGRC55178 561-3 10 14 chomatophilum BGRC55178 601-2 10 14 species BGRC55186 605-1 10 13 gourlayi CGN17591 606-1 10 13 gourlayi CGN18039 608-1 10 13 gourlayi BGRC17316 609-1 10 13 gourlayi CGN17592 609-5 10 13 gourlayi CGN17592 610-4 10 13 gourlayi CGN22336 611-1 10 13 gourlayi CGN21335 613-1 10 13 gourlayi pachytrichum CGN18176 613-2 10 13 gourlayi pachytrichum CGN18176 614-1 10 16 gourlayi pachytrichum BGRC27294 616-2 10 13 616-4 10 13 gourlayi pachytrichum CGN18188 617-1 10 16 gourlayi pachytrichum BGRC7231 618-1 10 16 gourlayi pachytrichum BGRC28084 619-5 10 13 gourlayi vidaurrei CGN17848 620-1 10 13 gourlayi vidaurrei CGN17849 620-3 10 13 gourlayi vidaurrei CGN17849 622-1 10 13 gourlayi vidaurrei CGN17850 622-5 10 13 gourlayi vidaurrei CGN17850 624-1 10 16 gourlayi vidaurrei CGN17864 625-2 10 16 gourlayi vidaurrei CGN23024 626-2 10 16 gourlayi vidaurrei CGN23045 634-4 10 13 hawkesianum CGN17888 635-3 10 13 hawkesianum CGN17889 646-3 10 16 hondelmannii CGN18192 646-4 10 16 hondelmannii CGN18192 650-1 10 13 hoopesii CGN18363 650-3 10 13 hoopesii CGN18363 652-3 10 13 hoopesii CGN18368 653-5 10 13 hoopesii CGN18372 658-1 10 13 incamayoense CGN21320 658-4 10 13 incamayoense CGN21320 659-3 10 13 incamayoense CGN17874 660-1 10 13 incamayoense CGN17875 660-5 10 13 incamayoense CGN17875 661-1 10 13 incamayoense CGN17968 661-4 10 13 incamayoense CGN17968 662-1 10 13 incamayoense BGRC17334 664-1 10 13 infundibuliforme CGN17720 664-4 10 13 infundibuliforme CGN17720 665-4 10 16 infundibuliforme CGN23063 666-1 10 16 infundibuliforme CGN22334 666-4 10 16 infundibuliforme CGN22334 667-4 10 13 brevicaule 682-5 10 16 leptophyes CGN18167 683-5 10 16 leptophyes CGN20611 735-1 10 16 735-2 10 16 neorossii CGN18280 735-4 10 16 neorossii CGN18280 742-1 10 15 okadae BGRC27158 747-1 10 16 oplocense CGN23049 750-1 10 16 oplocense CGN21352 750-2 10 16 753-1 10 16 oplocense CGN21319 754-2 10 16 oplocense CGN17871 755-1 10 16 oplocense CGN18086 802-1 10 12 ruiz-lealii CGN18117 816-3 10 16 sparsipilum CGN18096 816-5 10 16 sparsipilum CGN18096 818-8 10 16 sparsipilum CGN18221 819-2 10 16 sparsipilum CGN20653 819-4 10 16 sparsipilum CGN20653 821-1 10 16 sparsipilum CGN20602 821-3 10 16 sparsipilum CGN20602 821-4 10 16 sparsipilum CGN20602 827-1 10 16 spegazzinii CGN23015 829-3 10 17 stenotomum CGN18161 829-9 10 17 stenotomum CGN18161 843-4 10 16 sucrense CGN20628 844-1 10 16 sucrense CGN20630 844-3 10 16 sucrense CGN20630 843-5 10 16 sucrense CGN20628 844-7 10 16 sucrense CGN20630 845-6 10 16 sucrense CGN20631 846-1 10 16 sucrense CGN18187 846-6 10 16 sucrense CGN18187 849-1 10 16 sucrense CGN18206 849-2 10 16 sucrense CGN18206 849-6 10 16 sucrense CGN18206 852-5 10 14 tarijense CGN22729 853-4 10 14 tarijense BGRC27348 855-8 10 14 tarijense CGN18198  855-10 10 14 tarijense CGN18198 856-5 10 14 tarijense BGRC8232 859-3 10 14 tarijense CGN17975 863-2 10 14 tarijense BGRC18609 864-3 10 14 tarijense BGRC18610  864-21 10 14 tarijense BGRC18610 868-9 10 12 tarijense CGN18107 869-3 10 12 tarijense BGRC17022 870-3 10 14 tarijense CGN17978 876-1 10 14 tarijense BGRC17438 887-1 10 17 tuberosum andigena CGN20614 891-1 10 16 ugentii CGN18364 927-1 10 16 virgultorum BGRC31203 928-1 10 16 virgultorum CGN17775 928-3 10 16 virgultorum CGN17775 987-3 10 16

TABLE 8 Primers used in this study primer orien- code Application sequence tation Tm MN581 Marker germplasm screen GCGGAGAGTTTCGTGAATTG F 61 MN582 Marker germplasm screen CCCACACATGTACAGGGAATG R 61 MN585 Marker germplasm screen ACATCTCTCGTAAAGCTTAGAG F 55 MN586 Marker germplasm screen ACAGATAATAATTTTCAACTGC F 55 MN587 Marker germplasm screen ATTTGGGACATTCTGATATAAG R 55 MN588 Marker germplasm screen CACTTTCATATTTGCTTATATC F 55 MN589 Marker germplasm screen GACAATCACGTATCCACAGGAG R 55 GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAG GCT MN595 Rpi-chc 1 homolog mining ATGAATTATTGTCTTCCTTCGAGTAC F GGGGACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGG GT MN597 Rpi-chc 1 homolog mining TCAGAAAGTGAAAGAGAAACCGAG R MN598 Rpi-chc1 promoter GGGGACAACTTTGTATAGAAAAGTTG construction ACGCATCAGGAAGAGAGGAG F MN599 Rpi-chc1 promoter GGGGACTGCTTTTTTGTACAAACTTG construction ATACAATCATTCAAACAGTAAT R MN600 Rpi-chc1 terminator GGGGACAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTGG construction GTCGCTTGCATTTTTAATTAG F MN601 Rpi-chc1 terminator GGGGACAACTTTGTATAATAAAGTTG construction GCGGTTCCTCTGTGAAACAC R MN670 Rpi-chc1 promoter GGGGACAACTTTGTATAGAAAAGTTG construction TGATTTGTTTTTCCTATTCCTGAC F 59 MN622 Rpi-chc1 homolog atgaattattgtcttccttc sequencing MN623 Rpi-chc1 homolog acacaaaatgtatctttaatcc sequencing MN624 Rpi-chc1 homolog agagttgacggctatcaataag sequencing MN625 Rpi-chc1 homolog ttacaatgatgaacacatgaag sequencing MN626 Rpi-chc1 homolog gaggaataaatacatccagagg sequencing MN627 Rpi-chc1 homolog acaaagaaaaacatgaatggc sequencing MN628 Rpi-chc1 homolog gaagacgttgggcacaggt sequencing MN629 Rpi-chc1 homolog ttgtgcacactgttttggag sequencing MN630 Rpi-chc1 homolog tgagatgagaaatatgataag sequencing MN631 Rpi-chc1 homolog tgataaagaagaggctcaaac sequencing MN632 Rpi-chc1 homolog gcaaagaaattccatcccttg sequencing MN633 Rpi-chc1 homolog cagactgtccattgttaaaaag sequencing MN634 Rpi-chc1 homolog aatctccattctcttaggag sequencing MN635 Rpi-chc1 homolog atatcagaatgtcccaaattg sequencing MN636 Rpi-chc1 homolog aattgaggctcttcctcctac sequencing MN637 Rpi-chc1 homolog cctcactaaattatggaacatg sequencing MN638 Rpi-chc1 homolog TGCAGGACGCATCAGGAAGAG sequencing MN639 Rpi-chc1 homolog ATAAGCCACAATGCAAATATAT sequencing MN640 Rpi-chc1 homolog ATTTAGTTACATTGTAACTATC sequencing MN641 Rpi-chc1 homolog GAGAAAAAACATTAAGTCATAC sequencing MN642 Rpi-chc1 homolog TCTTTTAAATTTATTTTACTATAC sequencing MN643 Rpi-chc1 homolog CAAAATATCTTTTAGTACTAC sequencing MN644 Rpi-chc1 homolog TATGATGAATTCGTTTTGTTTG sequencing MN645 Rpi-chc1 homolog CTCGAAATTTTATTAGTACC sequencing MN646 Rpi-chc1 homolog TGATATATATTGGGCCCGTG sequencing MN647 Rpi-chc1 homolog ATCTATAACTCACACCTCTC sequencing MN648 Rpi-chc1 homolog TTGAATGATGGCTATGGCTTG sequencing MN649 Rpi-chc1 homolog GTTTTTAAAATTCTGTATTGCG sequencing MN650 Rpi-chc1 homolog TTATTATTGTGAAGTTAGAAG sequencing MN651 Rpi-chc1 promoter AGTTTTATAGAGAGGCTCTG sequencing MN652 Rpi-chc1 promoter AAGCGCGAATAAGTTCTCTTG sequencing

TABLE 9 Functional analysis of newly identified Rpi-chc1 homologs. RD12 IPO-C Activity clone genotype Responsiveness Resistance group J2 324-2 N S 1 J8 324-2 R R 2 I6 487-1 N r 5 F1 493-5 N S 1 G2 493-7 N S 1 G19 493-7 r r 6 G10 493-7 N S 1 G12 493-7 N S 1 G14 493-7 nd r H11 493-9 N S 1 H5 493-9 r R 2 C2 543-5 N r 5 K30 561-2 N r 5 K4 561-2 R R 2 M8 849-1 r r 6 E30 852-5 N S 1 E28 852-5 R* S 3 E14 852-5 N R 4 L4   94-2031 R R 2

In the column with RD12 responsiveness R means responsive, N means Non responsive, * means autoactivating, r means weak response. In the column with IPO-C resistance, R means strong resistance, r means weak resistance, S means susceptible.

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for increasing resistance in a Solanaceae plant against infection by Phytophthora infestans, said method comprising introducing into said plant or a part thereof a nucleic acid that expresses a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:126 or a protein of an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity thereto and which protein confers resistance to P. infestans in Solanaceae in a detached leaf assay, or a nucleic acid expressing a homolog thereof; wherein the homolog is a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:194; SEQ ID NO:198; SEQ ID NO:203; SEQ ID NO:205; SEQ ID NO:207; SEQ ID NO:209; SEQ ID NO:211; SEQ ID NO:217; SEQ ID NO:219; SEQ ID NO:221; and SEQ ID NO:223; or is a protein with an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity thereto and which homolog confers resistance to P. infestans in Solanaceae in a detached leaf assay; and wherein said plant exhibits increased resistance to said infection as compared to a plant into which said nucleic acid has not been introduced.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the encoding nucleotide sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:125; SEQ ID NO:193; SEQ ID NO:197; SEQ ID NO:202; SEQ ID NO:204; SEQ ID NO:206; SEQ ID NO:208; SEQ ID NO:210; SEQ ID NO:216; SEQ ID NO:218; SEQ ID NO:220; or SEQ ID NO:222, or comprises a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity thereto.
 3. A method for breeding a P. infestans-resistant plant, comprising a) increasing the ploidy level of gametes of a diploid Solanaceae plant that already contains the nucleic acid as it is defined in the method of claim 1; b) crossing said gametes with gametes of a Solanaceae tetraploid plant; and c) selecting offspring of said cross for the presence of said nucleic acid, wherein offspring that exhibit the presence of said nucleic acid exhibit resistance to P. infestans in a detached leaf assay.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the diploid plant of step a) is S. chacoense, S. berthaultii, S. sucrense, or S. tarijense.
 5. A method for determining whether a Solanaceae plant, plant part, or progeny of a plant is susceptible or resistant to P. infestans infection, said method comprising the steps of testing said plant or plant part or progeny for the presence or absence of the nucleic acid as it is defined in the method of claim 1, wherein the presence of said nucleic acid indicates said plant, plant part or progeny is resistant to P. infestans infection and the absence of said nucleic acid indicates said plant, plant part or progeny is susceptible to P. infestans infection; and wherein said testing comprises detecting the presence of one or more amplification products obtained using a primer pair of Table
 2. 6. A recombinant cloning vector that is modified to express an encoding nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:126 or a protein having an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity thereto and which protein confers resistance to P. infestans in Solanaceae in a detached leaf assay, or to express an encoding nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:194; SEQ ID NO:198; SEQ ID NO:203; SEQ ID NO:205; SEQ ID NO:207; SEQ ID NO:209; SEQ ID NO:211; SEQ ID NO:217; SEQ ID NO:219; SEQ ID NO:221; and SEQ ID NO:223, or encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity thereto and which protein confers resistance to P. infestans in Solanaceae in a detached leaf assay.
 7. The recombinant cloning vector of claim 6 wherein said encoding nucleotide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:125; SEQ ID NO:193; SEQ ID NO:197; SEQ ID NO:202; SEQ ID NO:204; SEQ ID NO:206; SEQ ID NO:208; SEQ ID NO:210; SEQ ID NO:216; SEQ ID NO:218; SEQ ID NO:220; and SEQ ID NO:222 or the encoding nucleotide sequence has at least 95% sequence identity thereto.
 8. A transgenic or tetraploid Solanaceae cell comprising the recombinant cloning vector of claim
 6. 9. A transgenic or Solanaceae tetraploid plant comprising the cell of claim
 8. 10. A plant part obtained from the plant of claim 9 which contains a recombinant cloning vector that is modified to express an encoding nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:126 or a protein having an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity thereto and which protein confers resistance to P. infestans in Solanaceae in a detached leaf assay, or to express an encoding nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:194; SEQ ID NO:198; SEQ ID NO:203; SEQ ID NO:205; SEQ ID NO:207; SEQ ID NO:209; SEQ ID NO:211; SEQ ID NO:217; SEQ ID NO:219; SEQ ID NO:221; and SEQ ID NO:223, or encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity thereto and which protein confers resistance to P. infestans in Solanaceae in a detached leaf assay.
 11. The cell of claim 8 which is Solanum tuberosum.
 12. The method of claim 5 which further comprises contacting the amplification product with the corresponding CAPS restriction enzyme set forth in Table
 2. 